| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50g |
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| 100g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
This compound functions strictly as a linker scaffold and does not directly bind any therapeutic target; its role is to connect an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand to a target protein-binding warhead in PROTAC design.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic acid has no independent biological activity as a linker; its function is realized only when incorporated into a complete PROTAC molecule after amidation. The free acid may show weak antibacterial activity in some assays.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, the linker alone has no pharmacological activity; all in vivo effects derive from intact PROTACs incorporating this linker after the carboxylic acid is converted to a stable amide.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The carboxylic acid can be coupled to an amine-containing ligand via standard amide coupling (HATU/DIEA, DMF, room temperature, 2-12 h). The quinoxaline ring may be further functionalized via electrophilic substitution if needed. No specific enzyme/receptor binding assays are performed for the linker alone.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based evaluation of PROTACs built from this linker follows standard protocols. Target-expressing cells are seeded in 6-well plates, treated with serial dilutions of PROTAC (0.01 nM to 10 microM) for 4-24 h, lysed, and analyzed by Western blot for target degradation. DC50 values calculated.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal studies are conducted with the final PROTAC in xenograft mouse models. Female athymic nude mice bearing tumors (100-200 mm3) are randomized (n=6-10). PROTAC formulated in 10% DMSO/40% PEG400/50% saline or 5% DMSO/40% HP-beta-CD/55% water is administered IP or PO QD or Q2D at 1-30 mg/kg for 14-28 days. Tumor volume and body weight monitored.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No PK data exist for the isolated linker; PK is determined by the final PROTAC. The quinoxaline ring is aromatic and may undergo CYP-mediated hydroxylation at the 3-position. The amide bond formed is stable. Typical PROTAC PK: IV t1/2 2-8 h, CL 10-30 mL/min/kg, Vd 1-3 L/kg; PO bioavailability 5-30%.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No formal toxicity data for 2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic acid as a linker. Standard chemical safety: solid, purity ≥98%. GHS hazards: H315, H319, H335. Use PPE. For the final PROTAC, toxicity assessment includes monitoring body weight, clinical signs, serum chemistry, hematology, and histopathology. Off-target degradation assessed by proteomics.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic acid, CAS 879-65-2, is a research-use chemical. It is a metabolite of certain quinoxaline antibiotics. As a PROTAC linker, it provides a rigid, planar aromatic spacer.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H6N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
174.16
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| Exact Mass |
174.043
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| CAS # |
879-65-2
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| Related CAS # |
2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic acid-d4; 2244217-89-6
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| PubChem CID |
96695
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light brown solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
208
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)N=CC(=N2)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
UPUZGXILYFKSGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H6N2O2/c12-9(13)8-5-10-6-3-1-2-4-7(6)11-8/h1-5H,(H,12,13)
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| Chemical Name |
quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.7418 mL | 28.7092 mL | 57.4185 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1484 mL | 5.7418 mL | 11.4837 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5742 mL | 2.8709 mL | 5.7418 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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