| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| 50g |
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| 100g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
1-Ethylnaphthalene does not have a specific therapeutic target. It is primarily a xenobiotic that can bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1) via AhR activation. It may also interact with other nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor (weak activity). It is metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to reactive epoxides that can form DNA adducts. It is considered a potential carcinogen.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 1-ethylnaphthalene is metabolized by rat liver microsomes to 1-ethyl-2-naphthol and other hydroxylated metabolites. It induces CYP1A1 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells with an EC50 of approximately 10-50 uM. It exhibits weak estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cell proliferation assays (E-SCREEN) at concentrations >50 uM. It is cytotoxic to human hepatocytes at concentrations above 100 uM, causing DNA damage as measured by comet assay. It also shows moderate antimicrobial activity.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 1-ethylnaphthalene has been studied in rodent models for its carcinogenic potential. Oral administration in mice (100-500 mg/kg) leads to increased liver weight and induction of CYP1A1 activity. In a 2-year bioassay, it causes a dose-dependent increase in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in mice. It also induces lung tumors in some studies. It is not used as a therapeutic agent but rather as a model PAH for toxicological research. It causes skin irritation and is absorbed through the skin.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For CYP1A1 induction assays, HepG2 cells are cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS. Cells are treated with 1-ethylnaphthalene (1-100 uM) for 24 hours. RNA is extracted, and CYP1A1 mRNA levels are measured by qRT-PCR. Alternatively, EROD (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) activity is measured in microsomes from treated cells: cells are lysed, and microsomes are incubated with 7-ethoxyresorufin (2 uM) and NADPH at 37degC for 10 minutes. Resorufin fluorescence is measured (Ex/Em: 544/590 nm). EC50 values are calculated. For AhR binding, a TR-FRET assay using recombinant AhR protein is used.
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| Cell Assay |
For DNA damage assays, HepG2 cells are treated with 1-ethylnaphthalene (10-200 uM) for 24 hours. Cells are embedded in agarose on slides, lysed, and subjected to alkaline electrophoresis (comet assay). DNA damage is quantified by measuring tail moment. For cytotoxicity, MTT assay is performed. For estrogenicity, MCF-7 cells are cultured in phenol red-free medium with charcoal-stripped FBS and treated with 1-ethylnaphthalene (0.1-100 uM) for 6 days; cell proliferation is measured by sulforhodamine B (SRB) staining. Positive control is 17beta-estradiol.
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| Animal Protocol |
For carcinogenicity bioassays, male and female B6C3F1 mice (n=50 per group) are administered 1-ethylnaphthalene by oral gavage at doses of 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg in corn oil, 5 days per week for 2 years. Animals are observed daily for moribundity and mortality. At study termination, complete necropsies are performed, and tissues (liver, lung, kidney, stomach) are fixed, sectioned, and stained with H&E for histopathological examination. The incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas is recorded. For acute toxicity, rats are dosed once orally at 500-2000 mg/kg.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
1-Ethylnaphthalene is lipophilic (logP ~4.2) and is rapidly absorbed after oral or dermal exposure. It is extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and CYP2E1 to hydroxylated metabolites (naphthols, dihydrodiols) and epoxides. These metabolites are conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulfate and excreted in urine and bile. The elimination half-life is 2-6 hours. The parent compound may accumulate in adipose tissue due to its high lipophilicity. It crosses the placenta and is found in breast milk.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
1-Ethylnaphthalene is moderately toxic. The oral LD50 in rats is approximately 2000-4000 mg/kg. It is a skin and eye irritant (category 2). It is suspected of causing cancer (IARC Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans). It causes liver tumors in mice. It is also toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. Inhalation of vapors may cause respiratory tract irritation and CNS depression. It is flammable. Prolonged exposure may lead to methemoglobinemia. Appropriate PPE should be used when handling.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
1-Ethylnaphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in fossil fuels and combustion products. It is used as a reference standard for environmental monitoring of PAHs in air, water, and soil. It is also used as a solvent and as an intermediate in organic synthesis. It has no clinical or therapeutic applications. It is a research chemical for studying PAH metabolism, carcinogenesis, and environmental toxicology. It is not approved for human use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
156.22
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| Exact Mass |
156.094
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| CAS # |
1127-76-0
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| PubChem CID |
14315
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| Appearance |
Colorless to off-white liquid
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
139
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21
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| InChi Key |
ZMXIYERNXPIYFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H12/c1-2-10-7-5-8-11-6-3-4-9-12(10)11/h3-9H,2H2,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-ethylnaphthalene
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| Synonyms |
1-ethylnaphthalene; alpha-Ethylnaphthalene
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.4012 mL | 32.0061 mL | 64.0123 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2802 mL | 6.4012 mL | 12.8025 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6401 mL | 3.2006 mL | 6.4012 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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