| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate does not have a specific biological target, as it is a toxic heavy metal compound. Its interaction with biological systems is largely through its strong oxidizing properties. In vivo, it can cause severe damage to tissues by oxidizing biomolecules. However, in a synthetic chemistry context, it acts as a powerful catalyst targeting the pi-bond of alkenes. When used in the Upjohn dihydroxylation, it forms a cyclic osmate ester intermediate with the alkene, which is then cleaved to yield the diol product. The osmium atom remains in the +8 oxidation state in osmium tetroxide (OsO4), which is the true active catalyst.
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| ln Vitro |
Potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate is not used directly in standard in vitro biological assays for therapeutic activity due to its high toxicity. However, its primary use in biology is as a staining agent in electron microscopy. The osmium binds strongly to the unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, which allows them to be visualized. This is a crucial in vitro activity, though it is a chemical fixative process rather than a pharmacological one. Furthermore, it is used as a catalyst to synthesize Amphidinolide B, which exhibits potent antitumor activity against human solid and blood tumor cells. Therefore, the in vitro activity of the final drug, not the catalyst, is the subject of study.
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| ln Vivo |
No direct in vivo activity data for the compound itself is available, as it is too toxic for systemic administration. Any in vivo activity would be confined to its use as a toxicological agent. The anticancer compound Amphidinolide B, which is synthesized using this catalyst, has potent in vivo antitumor activity in animal models. In a typical xenograft model, mice bearing human cancer cells (e.g., lymphoma or solid tumor) are treated with Amphidinolide B intravenously. The compound significantly reduces tumor volume and improves survival. The in vivo activity is due to the complex natural product, not the osmium salt. Thus, the role of potassium osmate is as an enabling synthetic tool, not as the active drug itself.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular assays for this compound are strictly chemical in nature. A standard protocol for asymmetric dihydroxylation uses the Sharpless method. In a flask, an alkene (1 mmol), K2OsO4·2H2O (0.01-0.1 mmol, 1-10 mol%), and a chiral ligand (e.g., (DHQ)2-PHAL) are combined. An oxidant, such as potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and a base (e.g., K2CO3) are added in a water/t-butanol solvent mixture. The reaction mixture is stirred at 0degC for 12-24 hours. The product diol is extracted and purified. The enantioselectivity is determined by chiral HPLC analysis. The "activity" of the catalyst is measured by the yield and enantiomeric excess (ee%) of the diol product.
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| Cell Assay |
Potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate is not used in standard cell culture experiments. Its extreme toxicity and strong oxidizing properties would rapidly kill any cell. The only potential application in cell biology is as a part of the fixation and staining procedure for electron microscopy. In this protocol, cells or tissues are first fixed with glutaraldehyde. They are then post-fixed with a 1% solution of osmium tetroxide (which can be generated in situ from the osmium salt) for 1-2 hours. The osmium reacts with and cross-links lipids, preserving the fine structure of the cell membrane. After staining, the sample is dehydrated and embedded in resin for ultramicrotomy. This application exploits the chemical reactivity of the compound, but it is a "non-viable" assay.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate are exclusively toxicology studies. A standard acute toxicity study would be performed in rats. The compound, dissolved in a suitable vehicle (e.g., water or saline), would be administered intraperitoneally or intravenously at a single dose, typically in the range of 1-50 mg/kg. The animals would be observed for clinical signs of toxicity, such as convulsions, respiratory distress, and tremors, over a 14-day period. The LD50 would be determined. A histopathological examination would be performed on the kidneys, as osmium is known to be a potent nephrotoxin, causing acute tubular necrosis. This type of study is essential for establishing the safety hazards of the reagent.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetics of potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate is not studied in the context of drug development, as it is not a drug. If administered, the compound would dissociate, and the osmate ion (OsO4^2-) would distribute. However, the active form of osmium in biological fluids is highly pH-dependent. In the neutral pH of the blood, the osmate is likely to be protonated and form volatile and highly toxic osmium tetroxide (OsO4). OsO4 is a small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecule that is rapidly absorbed and distributes to all tissues, with a particular affinity for the retina and skin. It is rapidly cleared from the blood, but the osmium metal accumulates in the kidneys and liver. The biological half-life of osmium in the body is very long, on the order of months. The primary route of excretion is via the kidneys. No standard PK parameters are available for humans.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate is extremely toxic. Its primary hazard is the release of osmium tetroxide (OsO4), which is a powerful oxidizing agent. OsO4 is a volatile, highly corrosive liquid that is a severe eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant. It is known to be a potent nephrotoxin (kidney poison) and can cause blindness if it comes into contact with the eyes. Osmium tetroxide is also a carcinogen and can cause pulmonary edema if inhaled. The compound is also a severe skin sensitizer. The estimated acute LD50 for potassium osmate in rats is in the range of 10-50 mg/kg. Anyone handling this compound must work in a certified fume hood and wear full personal protective equipment: nitrile or neoprene gloves, a chemical-resistant apron, a full-face shield, and a respirator if necessary. Solid spills must be contained carefully. Because of its extreme toxicity, its use is strictly controlled, and it is not a drug.
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| Additional Infomation |
The most celebrated application of potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate is as a catalyst for the Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (AD) reaction, work that led to a Nobel Prize. This reaction allows for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1,2-diols from simple alkenes. These diols are crucial chiral building blocks for the synthesis of many complex pharmaceuticals, carbohydrates, and natural products. Without this catalyst, the synthesis of many life-saving drugs would be significantly more complex and expensive. While osmium is toxic, the catalytic amounts used in the AD reaction (often 1-2 mol%) mean that only a small quantity of the metal is needed to produce large amounts of product. The compound is also a key standard for quality control in the production of high-purity synthetic intermediates. Its role as an essential tool in the asymmetric synthesis of drug candidates cements its place as an indispensable chemical in pharmaceutical discovery and development.
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| Molecular Formula |
K2OSO4.2H2O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
368.45
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| Exact Mass |
369.89
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| CAS # |
10022-66-9
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| PubChem CID |
53393272
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
62.2
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Os](=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[K+].[K+].O([H])[H].O([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
DGODWNOPHMXOTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2K.2H2O.4O.Os/h;;2*1H2;;;;;/q2*+1;;;;;2*-1;
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| Chemical Name |
dipotassium;dioxido(dioxo)osmium;dihydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7141 mL | 13.5704 mL | 27.1407 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5428 mL | 2.7141 mL | 5.4281 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2714 mL | 1.3570 mL | 2.7141 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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