| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The biological target of (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is inferred from its non-deuterated parent compound, (-)-alpha-Pinene. alpha-Pinene is a monoterpene that exhibits sleep-enhancing properties by directly binding to GABAA-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptors. It acts as a partial modulator at the BZD binding site. This interaction with the GABA-A receptor, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system, is responsible for its sedative, anxiolytic, and sleep-promoting effects. The compound also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine production.
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| ln Vitro |
The in vitro activity of (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is not directly tested. The parent compound, (-)-alpha-Pinene, has been extensively studied. In vitro studies using murine and human T-cell tumor cell lines have demonstrated that alpha-pinene exhibits antitumor activity by inhibiting cell growth. It also shows anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic effects in human chondrocytes. In radioligand binding assays, alpha-pinene displaces specific ligands from the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor, confirming its direct interaction. The deuterated form is assumed to have nearly identical binding affinity, as the isotope effect is usually negligible in receptor binding.
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| ln Vivo |
(-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 itself has no in vivo activity in terms of pharmacology, as it is used as a tracer. Its non-deuterated parent compound has demonstrated significant in vivo activity. Oral administration of alpha-pinene in mice has been shown to enhance non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, an effect that was blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil. This confirms the receptor-mediated mechanism. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in animal models, reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. The compound is also known to have anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects in vivo.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular assays for (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 are not biological but chemical. They involve analytical method validation using GC-MS. A standard protocol involves preparing a calibration curve by spiking known amounts of non-deuterated alpha-pinene (analyte) into a blank matrix (e.g., serum or buffer). A constant amount of (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is added as an internal standard to each calibrator, quality control sample, and unknown sample. The samples are extracted (e.g., by solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction). The extracts are analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The ratio of the peak area of the analyte to the internal standard is used to quantitate the unknown samples.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 are not performed, as it is an internal standard. However, to study the cellular effects of alpha-pinene, a standard protocol using neuronal cell lines (e.g., PC12 or SH-SY5Y cells) can be used. Cells are seeded in culture plates and exposed to varying concentrations of alpha-pinene (1-100 uM) for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays. To study neuroprotection, cells may be exposed to a toxin (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) and treated with alpha-pinene. At the end of the experiment, the culture medium is collected, and a fixed amount of (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is added to it as an internal standard to measure the concentration of any secreted metabolites by LC-MS.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments for alpha-pinene are conducted to evaluate its sleep-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects. A standard protocol uses male ICR mice (20-30 g). The test compound (alpha-pinene) is administered orally at doses ranging from 1-100 mg/kg. The deuterated compound (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is not administered; it is used to analyze plasma samples. Blood is collected at various time points (0-24 h). Plasma is separated and spiked with the deuterated internal standard. The concentration of alpha-pinene in plasma is measured by GC-MS. For pharmacodynamic endpoints, sleep parameters are recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) for 24 hours post-administration.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetics of alpha-pinene can be accurately studied using the deuterated internal standard. alpha-Pinene is a highly lipophilic monoterpene. Following oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed, with a Tmax typically achieved within 1-2 hours. It is extensively metabolized, primarily via cytochrome P450 enzymes, to various hydroxy derivatives. It has a short elimination half-life, often less than 2-3 hours, due to rapid clearance. The deuterated internal standard (-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is crucial for obtaining reliable PK data because it corrects for the extraction efficiency and the matrix effects in the mass spectrometer, which are common for volatile, lipophilic compounds.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is a stable isotope-labeled chemical, not a drug. The parent compound, alpha-pinene, is considered to have low acute toxicity. The oral LD50 in rats is > 1,000 mg/kg. It can be a skin and eye irritant. At high doses, it may cause central nervous system depression. The deuterated version is handled as a research chemical. Standard safety data sheet (SDS) precautions apply: avoid inhalation, use in a fume hood, wear gloves and safety goggles. While deuteration reduces the rate of metabolism, this is a property used for research; the compound is not administered to humans. It is not a controlled substance but is a natural product.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(-)-alpha-Pinene-d3 is an analytical standard used in the pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance industries. The parent compound, (-)-alpha-Pinene, is one of the most abundant terpenes in nature and is a FDA-approved Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food additive. Research into alpha-pinene's sleep-enhancing, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties has grown significantly. The deuterated standard enables rigorous quantitative analysis of alpha-pinene in pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution, and metabolism studies. This tool is essential for developing alpha-pinene as a potential nutraceutical or therapeutic agent. The product is typically supplied as a solution with high isotopic purity (>98% atom % D).
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H13D3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
139.25
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| CAS # |
1903007-82-8
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Synonyms |
L-α-pinene-d3
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.1813 mL | 35.9066 mL | 71.8133 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.4363 mL | 7.1813 mL | 14.3627 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7181 mL | 3.5907 mL | 7.1813 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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