| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The catalyst has no biological target; its "target" is the chemical bond. Palladium hydroxide serves as a heterogeneous catalyst, providing an active surface upon which hydrogen (H2) is adsorbed and dissociated into atomic hydrogen. These highly reactive hydrogen atoms then interact with specific chemical bonds, such as the carbon-nitrogen bond in N-benzyl groups or the carbon-oxygen bond in O-benzyl groups, cleaving them. The resulting products are released, and the catalyst surface is free to bind new molecules. It is also used to reduce nitro groups to amines and to hydrogenate double and triple bonds.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, the catalytic activity of Pearlman's catalyst is measured by its hydrogenation efficiency. For a test reaction, a standard substrate such as N-benzyl-protected phenylalanine is dissolved in a solvent (e.g., methanol) in a reaction vessel. The catalyst (10-20% by weight relative to the substrate) is added, and the vessel is purged with hydrogen. The reaction is carried out under 1 atm of H2 at room temperature for 1-4 hours. The progress is monitored by TLC. The catalyst is removed by filtration over Celite, and the product is isolated and weighed. The yield (>95%) is a measure of the catalyst's activity.
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| ln Vivo |
The catalyst is not a drug and has no in vivo therapeutic activity. Its use is strictly for chemical synthesis in a reaction flask. It is added to reaction mixtures, where it is insoluble and does not enter the animal body. Any in vivo application would be for an unrelated purpose, such as using palladium nanoparticles as a theranostic agent, but this is not the function of Pearlman's catalyst. The high palladium content (20%) makes it unsuitable for in vivo use due to metal toxicity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The "non-cellular assay" is a standard hydrogenolysis reaction to determine catalyst activity. A typical protocol is as follows: 1.0 g of N-benzyl-protected aniline derivative is dissolved in 50 mL of methanol in a round-bottom flask. 0.2 g of 20% Pd(OH)2/C (wet) is added. The flask is evacuated and flushed with hydrogen gas (three times). A hydrogen balloon is attached, and the reaction is stirred at room temperature for 2-4 hours. After completion (checked by TLC), the mixture is diluted with dichloromethane, filtered through a pad of Celite, and concentrated. The product is dried and weighed. A yield >95% indicates high catalyst activity.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays are not applicable for a heterogeneous catalyst. The material is not soluble and is highly reactive, making it toxic to cells. It cannot be used in cell culture. However, cells are sometimes used to produce the chemicals that are then purified using this catalyst. For example, a peptide drug candidate might be synthesized by cells via fermentation. The crude peptide would then be purified, and a final deprotection step using Pd(OH)2/C would remove protecting groups. The catalyst is used on the pure compound, not directly on cells.
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| Animal Protocol |
No direct animal experiments are conducted with this catalyst. It is a chemical tool. To assess the pharmacokinetics of a drug synthesized using this catalyst, the final drug is administered to animals. The catalyst itself is completely removed from the drug before administration by filtration, as any residual palladium is a toxic heavy metal. Regulatory guidelines (e.g., ICH Q3D) set strict limits on allowable palladium in pharmaceutical products (< 10 ppm). Therefore, in vivo studies are done on the final product, not the catalyst.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Not applicable for a catalyst. The compound is a mixture of palladium hydroxide (20%) on a carbon support (80%), wetted with water. Its chemical properties are defined by its surface area, particle size distribution, and palladium loading. It is stable when kept wet. If allowed to dry, it becomes pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. It is stored as a slurry in water under an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen). The material is not absorbed or distributed in a biological system, as it is not designed for in vivo use.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The wet 20% Pd(OH)2/C is a corrosive and severe eye and skin irritant. The compound is extremely hazardous if allowed to dry: the dry catalyst is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously on contact with air. It is also harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It must be handled with extreme care, always kept wet, and never allowed to dry. Operators must wear full PPE (Nitrile gloves, lab coat, face shield) and work in an inert atmosphere if possible. The compound is for research use only.
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| Additional Infomation |
Pearlman's catalyst (20% Pd(OH)2/C) is a significant advancement in organic chemistry because it is more reactive and safer to handle than other palladium catalysts. It is the catalyst of choice for the final deprotection step in the solid-phase synthesis of many therapeutic peptides, including the blockbuster drugs liraglutide and semaglutide (used for diabetes and obesity). Its high activity allows for clean, complete deprotection under neutral conditions, preventing the degradation of the sensitive peptide product. The product is for research and manufacturing use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
PD(OH)2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
140.43
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| Exact Mass |
139.909
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| CAS # |
12135-22-7
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| PubChem CID |
9942167
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
100ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Vapour Pressure |
24.5mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
3
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| Complexity |
0
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Pd](O)O
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| InChi Key |
NXJCBFBQEVOTOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2H2O.Pd/h2*1H2;/q;;+2/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
palladium(2+) dihydroxide
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| Synonyms |
Pearlman's Catalyst (contains Pd, PdO) (wetted with ca. 55% Water)
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.1210 mL | 35.6049 mL | 71.2099 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.4242 mL | 7.1210 mL | 14.2420 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7121 mL | 3.5605 mL | 7.1210 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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