| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The mechanism of action of tetrachloroauric acid in biological systems is not based on a specific receptor but on its chemical reactivity as a gold(III) ion source. Gold(III) ions can bind to and inhibit thiol-rich proteins and enzymes, such as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Inhibition of TrxR can lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent cell death. This property is being investigated for potential therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer therapy, as it can selectively induce cell death in abnormal cells.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, tetrachloroauric acid is not used as a drug but as a reagent. Its "activity" is evaluated through its ability to form gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to inhibit specific enzymes. For example, it is used to study the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), with an IC50 value typically in the low micromolar range (1-10 uM). It also exhibits catalytic activity in various reduction reactions, such as the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of a reducing agent like sodium borohydride.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, tetrachloroauric acid is not used as a therapeutic agent in its pure form due to its high toxicity. However, gold nanoparticles derived from it have been extensively studied for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery and photothermal therapy. For instance, in mouse models of cancer, gold nanoparticles can be injected intravenously and accumulate in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Upon near-infrared laser irradiation, they generate localized heat, destroying tumor cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A standard non-cellular assay is the synthesis of gold nanoparticles via the Turkevich method. In this protocol, an aqueous solution of tetrachloroauric acid (e.g., 0.01% w/v) is brought to a boil. A reducing agent, typically trisodium citrate (1% w/v), is then added under vigorous stirring. The solution changes color from pale yellow to deep red, indicating the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles. The particles are characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorbance peak at ~520 nm) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine size and stability.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays are performed using gold nanoparticles derived from tetrachloroauric acid. To assess cytotoxicity, cancer cells (e.g., HeLa or A549) are seeded in 96-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of gold nanoparticles (0-100 ug/mL) for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is measured using an MTT or CCK-8 assay. To study cellular uptake, cells are incubated with fluorescently labeled or unlabeled nanoparticles, and the gold content is quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or visualized by dark-field microscopy.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments often involve biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy studies in mouse models. For a photothermal therapy study, mice bearing subcutaneous xenograft tumors are injected intratumorally or intravenously with gold nanoparticles (e.g., 100 uL of 1 mg/mL AuNPs). After allowing time for accumulation, the tumor site is irradiated with a near-infrared laser (808 nm, 2 W/cm2) for 5-10 minutes. Tumor volume is measured every 2-3 days. Efficacy is determined by tumor growth delay and survival rate compared to control groups (laser alone or nanoparticles alone).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetics of tetrachloroauric acid itself is complex, as it is rapidly reduced to gold nanoparticles in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of administered gold nanoparticles depends heavily on their size, shape, and surface coating. Generally, nanoparticles are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), accumulating mainly in the liver and spleen. They have a long circulation half-life (hours to days) if coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Clearance occurs primarily through the hepatobiliary system, with some renal excretion for smaller particles (<5.5 nm).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Gold(III) chloride is a toxic and corrosive substance. It causes severe skin burns and eye damage. It may also cause respiratory irritation if dust is inhaled. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can react violently with reducing agents. The compound is harmful to aquatic life. All work must be conducted in a fume hood with appropriate PPE, including gloves, a lab coat, and safety goggles. Avoid creating dust. In case of contact, wash skin or eyes with plenty of water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
This compound is a critical raw material in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, which have revolutionized biomedicine. It is used in the production of diagnostic assays (e.g., lateral flow tests), photothermal therapy agents, and drug delivery vehicles. It is also used in electroplating, photography, and as a catalyst in chemical synthesis. The gold content varies, with common specifications including 48% and 50% Au basis. For research use only, not for human consumption.
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| Molecular Formula |
HAUC4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
339.79
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| CAS # |
16903-35-8
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| PubChem CID |
122706823
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| Appearance |
Yellow to orange solid powder
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| Density |
3.9 g/mL at 25 °C
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| Melting Point |
30°C
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| LogP |
2.868
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
5
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| Complexity |
0
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Au-](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl.[H+]
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~200 mg/mL (~588.60 mM; with ultrasonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9430 mL | 14.7150 mL | 29.4299 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5886 mL | 2.9430 mL | 5.8860 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2943 mL | 1.4715 mL | 2.9430 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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