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| Targets |
Manganese chloride targets manganese-dependent enzymes, acting as a source of Mn2+ ions, which are essential cofactors for various metalloenzymes. These include manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, SOD2), which protects mitochondria from oxidative damage; arginase, which participates in the urea cycle; and pyruvate carboxylase, which is involved in gluconeogenesis. The compound also activates several glycosyltransferases and kinases. In the context of MRI, Mn2+ acts as a T1 contrast agent by shortening the longitudinal relaxation time of water protons. It does not have a specific receptor target.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, manganese chloride (1-100 uM) supports the activity of MnSOD in cultured cells. In Mn-deficient cells, supplementation with MnCl2 (0.1-10 uM) restores SOD2 activity, which can be measured by an in-gel activity assay (nitro blue tetrazolium staining) or by inhibition of superoxide-induced reduction of cytochrome c. The compound also supports the proliferation of various cell lines when added to serum-free media (0.1-1 uM). At higher concentrations (>500 uM), MnCl2 can be cytotoxic due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of mitochondrial function. The IC₅0 for cytotoxicity in primary hepatocytes is approximately 200-500 uM.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, manganese chloride is used as a source of manganese to prevent or treat manganese deficiency in animals. It is also used as a contrast agent for MRI, particularly for liver imaging (mangafodipir). As a mineral supplement, manganese chloride is administered orally (0.1-1 mg Mn/kg/day) or intravenously. In animal models, intravenous administration of MnCl2 (5-20 mg/kg) results in enhanced contrast in T1-weighted MRI images of the liver, pancreas, and heart. The compound is also neurotoxic at high doses, causing manganism (a Parkinson's-like syndrome) in animals and humans with chronic exposure.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Manganese chloride is a salt, not an enzyme inhibitor. Its activity is measured by its ability to restore enzyme function in manganese-depleted systems. For example, SOD2 activity is measured in isolated mitochondria or cell lysates: the sample is incubated with xanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate superoxide, and the reduction of cytochrome c or WST-1 is measured at 550 or 450 nm. The addition of MnCl2 (0.1-10 uM) to Mn-deficient lysates restores activity. For arginase, the activity is measured by the production of urea from arginine using colorimetric detection with diacetyl monoxime.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based studies, HEK293 or HepG2 cells are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and cultured in Mn-deficient medium (prepared by treating serum with Chelex 100 resin). The cells are supplemented with MnCl2 (0.01-100 uM) for 48-72 h. SOD2 activity is measured in cell lysates as described. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. At concentrations below 50 uM, MnCl2 is not cytotoxic. For uptake studies, cells are treated with MnCl2 (1-100 uM) and intracellular Mn content is measured by ICP-MS.
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| Animal Protocol |
For neurotoxicity studies, male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, n=10/group) are administered MnCl2 intraperitoneally (25-100 mg/kg) once daily for 4 weeks. Behavioral tests (rotarod, open field) are performed weekly to assess motor coordination. At termination, the brain (striatum, substantia nigra) is harvested for measurement of Mn levels (by ICP-MS), dopamine levels (by HPLC-ECD), and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to assess dopaminergic neuron loss. The compound is also used in MRI studies: rats are injected intravenously with MnCl2 (5-20 mg/kg), and T1-weighted MR images are acquired at 1-60 min post-injection to monitor contrast enhancement.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Manganese chloride (MnCl2) is rapidly cleared from the bloodstream following intravenous administration. The plasma half-life in rats is approximately 15-30 minutes. Mn2+ is taken up by the liver, pancreas, and kidney via divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and other metal transporters. It is excreted primarily in the bile (up to 80%) and, to a lesser extent, in urine. The compound does not undergo metabolism. Chronic exposure leads to accumulation in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia. For research use, MnCl2 is stored as a solid at room temperature, protected from moisture (hygroscopic). It is soluble in water.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Manganese chloride is moderately toxic by inhalation and ingestion. The oral LD₅0 in rats is 1700 mg/kg (anhydrous). Acute exposure can cause gastrointestinal upset, hypotension, and CNS depression. Chronic exposure leads to manganism (neurotoxicity) with symptoms including tremor, gait disturbance, and psychiatric disturbances. The compound is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. For handling, use PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), work in a fume hood (to avoid dust inhalation), and avoid skin contact. The compound is not a carcinogen.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Manganese chloride (CAS# 7773-01-5) is a research-grade inorganic salt. It is not an FDA-approved drug for therapeutic use (mangafodipir is an approved MRI contrast agent derived from manganese). It is used as a manganese source for cell culture, as a catalyst, and as a precursor for manganese-based compounds. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
CL2MN
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| Molecular Weight |
125.84
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| Exact Mass |
124.876
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| CAS # |
7773-01-5
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| PubChem CID |
10313134
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Density |
2.98 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
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| Boiling Point |
1190 °C
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| Melting Point |
650 °C
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| Flash Point |
1190°C
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
3
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| Complexity |
0
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Mn+2].[Cl-].[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/2ClH.Mn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
manganese(2+) dichloride
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| Synonyms |
Manganese dichloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~397.33 mM; with ultrasonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9466 mL | 39.7330 mL | 79.4660 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5893 mL | 7.9466 mL | 15.8932 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7947 mL | 3.9733 mL | 7.9466 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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