| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The targets of Succinyl-CoA include succinyl-CoA synthetase (SUCL) and various acyltransferases. In the mitochondria, it serves as the direct substrate for succinyl-CoA synthetase (e.g., the ADP-specific SUCLA2 subunit), catalyzing its conversion to succinate coupled with ATP/GTP production. Furthermore, it is a substrate for 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis. At the protein modification level, it acts as a cofactor driving lysine succinylation (Ksuc), thereby influencing the function of metabolic enzymes such as ACOX1 and EHHADH. It is also a substrate for the type III CoA transferase SUGCT.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free systems, Succinyl-CoA acts as a substrate or inhibitor for various enzymes. Studies indicate that it serves as a substrate for assaying SUGCT activity, transferring the succinyl group to glutarate to form glutaryl-CoA in vitro. In protein succinylation studies, incubation of recombinant proteins (e.g., ACOX1 or EHHADH) with 0.1 mM Succinyl-CoA successfully generates succinylation modifications in vitro. Additionally, Succinyl-CoA exhibits inhibitory activity against pyruvate kinase, potentially via allosteric regulation.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity is primarily studied indirectly via genetic knockout models. In a skeletal muscle-specific Sucla2 (encoding the ADP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase) knockout mouse model, mutant mice weighed only 44% of controls by 3 weeks of age, exhibited 34%-40% reduced grip strength, and spent approximately 88% less time on spontaneous exercise, displaying a significant mitochondrial myopathy phenotype. The soleus muscle (slow-twitch) showed a 40% reduction in specific tetanic force and a threefold increase in mitochondria, indicating that Succinyl-CoA metabolic deficiency predominantly affects highly oxidative muscle fibers.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Succinyl-CoA is used in activity assays for 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS). A typical protocol (based on mouse liver homogenate): Prepare a 10 mM Succinyl-CoA solution by reacting succinic anhydride and CoA in the presence of NaHCO₃ on ice for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture contains 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 1 M glycine, 10 mM Succinyl-CoA, 1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and the enzyme sample. After incubation at 37°C for 30 minutes, the reaction is stopped with ice-cold water, followed by ALA derivatization and fluorescence/HPLC quantification.
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| Cell Assay |
In cellular assays, Succinyl-CoA is used to assess protein succinylation levels or metabolic enzyme function. A typical protocol (cell homogenate): Harvest cultured cells, wash with PBS, and resuspend in approximately three pellet volumes of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Homogenize on ice using a sonicator (3 cycles × 5 seconds at 50% duty cycle). The lysate can be used directly for ALAS enzyme activity assays or for detecting changes in protein succinylation levels via anti-succinyllysine immunoblotting (Western Blot).
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| Animal Protocol |
Due to its high polarity and membrane impermeability, in vivo studies on Succinyl-CoA typically utilize genetic knockout models or precursor administration. Using a succinyl-CoA synthetase-deficient mouse model as an example: The Sucla2 gene is specifically knocked out in skeletal muscle using the Cre-Lox system. Knockout efficiency is validated by RT-qPCR and Western Blot (68% transcript reduction, 95% protein reduction). Whole-body phenotyping includes grip strength tests, voluntary running wheel tests, and ex vivo muscle contractility measurements (soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles). At the endpoint, muscle tissues are collected for histological staining and mitochondrial function assessment.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Direct pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., half-life, bioavailability) for Succinyl-CoA are extremely limited in public literature as it is an endogenous intracellular metabolite. As a highly polar molecule (polar surface area of 400.93 Ų), it cannot passively diffuse across cell membranes and is primarily synthesized intracellularly and utilized within mitochondria. In vitro, Succinyl-CoA is unstable under neutral and alkaline conditions, being susceptible to hydrolysis. It can be prepared via chemical synthesis (reaction of succinic anhydride with CoA), and a 10 mM solution can be stored at -80°C for more than three months but should avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Succinyl-CoA is non-toxic at normal physiological concentrations as an endogenous metabolite, but its metabolic dysregulation is associated with disease. In states of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, Succinyl-CoA synthesis is impaired, leading to metabolic, neurological, and hematological abnormalities (e.g., growth retardation, hypotonia) and contributing to the pathology of porphyrias. Hereditary SUCL deficiency results in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Compound databases indicate Succinyl-CoA as "potentially toxic," primarily referring to the metabolic imbalance caused by its abnormal accumulation or deficiency in vivo. When used as a chemical reagent, standard laboratory practices should be followed.
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| References |
| Molecular Formula |
C25H40N7O19P3S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
867.61
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| CAS # |
604-98-8
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| Related CAS # |
Succinyl-Coenzyme A sodium;108347-97-3
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| PubChem CID |
92133
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
24
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
23
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| Heavy Atom Count |
55
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| Complexity |
1510
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CC(C)(COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(C(C(O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)C(C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)CCC(=O)O)O
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| Synonyms |
succinyl-CoA; Succinyl-coenzyme A; Succinyl CoA; Coenzyme A, S-(hydrogen butanedioate);
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1526 mL | 5.7630 mL | 11.5259 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2305 mL | 1.1526 mL | 2.3052 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1153 mL | 0.5763 mL | 1.1526 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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