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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate does not have a specific pharmacological target because it is not an active drug. In biological systems, it is metabolized to ammonium (NH4+) and phosphate (H2PO4-/HPO42-) ions, which are naturally present in the body and are essential nutrients. Phosphate ions are critical components of nucleotides (ATP, DNA, RNA), cell membranes (phospholipids), and bone mineral (hydroxyapatite). Ammonium is a source of nitrogen for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis and is also involved in acid-base balance via urea cycle metabolism. The compound does not bind to receptors or inhibit enzymes at normal physiological concentrations. It is generally considered an inert excipient or nutrient source rather than a biologically active molecule.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate has no intrinsic pharmacodynamic activity as a drug. It is used as a buffer component in biochemical and molecular biology experiments to maintain stable pH conditions. The effective buffering range of phosphate buffer (pKa2 ≈ 7.2) is suitable for many enzymatic reactions. The compound is also used as a matrix in MALDI mass spectrometry for analyzing peptides and proteins, where it improves ionization efficiency. In cell culture, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate can be added as a source of inorganic phosphate for cell growth and metabolism. At high concentrations (>10-50 mM), ammonium ions can be cytotoxic due to disruption of pH homeostasis and ammonia toxicity, but at normal physiological concentrations (0.5-2 mM in cell culture media), it is well-tolerated. No EC₅0 or IC₅0 values for drug-like effects are relevant.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is not used as a therapeutic agent with intrinsic activity. When ingested as a food additive or as part of fertilizer exposure, ammonium ions are absorbed, metabolized in the liver via the urea cycle, and excreted by the kidneys. Phosphate is absorbed in the small intestine and regulated by the kidneys. The compound does not produce a therapeutic effect or treat any disease directly. In rare medical contexts, phosphate salts (including ammonium phosphate) may be used as phosphate supplements for treating hypophosphatemia, but ammonium is not the preferred counterion due to its potential to cause metabolic acidosis. In animal studies, high doses of ammonium phosphate salts can cause gastrointestinal irritation, electrolyte imbalances, and, at very high levels, systemic toxicity from ammonia accumulation. However, no pharmacodynamic efficacy studies exist because it is not a drug candidate.
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| Enzyme Assay |
No cell-free biological assays (enzyme/receptor binding) are performed for ammonium dihydrogen phosphate because it is not a drug. It is used as a component in biochemical assays (e.g., as a buffer, as a phosphatase substrate, or as an inorganic phosphate source for kinase assays). In cell-free systems, phosphate can inhibit or activate certain enzymes (e.g., phosphatases, kinases, pyrophosphatases), but this is a non-specific effect of the ion rather than compound-specific activity. No binding affinity measurements (Ki or Kd) are relevant. The compound is commonly used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry (e.g., for phosphate determination by colorimetric methods). For enzyme activity assays requiring defined pH, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate can be used to prepare buffered reaction mixtures. However, the compound itself is not the subject of such assays; it is a tool for conducting them.
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| Cell Assay |
No cell-based assays are performed with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as a test compound. It can be used as a component of cell culture media (e.g., DMEM, RPMI) to supply inorganic phosphate and ammonium ions at defined concentrations. In research, phosphate starvation experiments can be conducted by omitting phosphate-containing components from media, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate can be used to restore phosphate and ammonium levels to study their effects on cell growth, differentiation, or signaling. However, the compound is typically not the subject of investigation; it is a tool for manipulating culture conditions. High concentrations (>10 mM) of ammonium salts can be used to induce cellular stress (ammonia toxicity), which is sometimes studied in models of hepatic encephalopathy or hyperammonemia. In such models, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (or ammonium chloride) is added to cell culture medium (0.5-10 mM) and cellular responses (e.g., astrocyte swelling, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction) are measured. This is a toxicological model rather than a drug efficacy study.
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| Animal Protocol |
No in vivo animal experiments are performed with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as a test article for efficacy because it is not a drug. It is used as a component of animal diets to supply phosphate and ammonium (nitrogen source) and as a pH buffering agent in water or feed. In toxicology studies, high doses may be administered to animals to assess the safety of food additives or to investigate ammonia toxicity. For example, in rodent models of hyperammonemia, ammonium salts (including ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) are administered by intraperitoneal injection (e.g., 2-6 mmol/kg) or oral gavage to induce elevated blood ammonia levels, and the animals are observed for neurobehavioral changes, liver function abnormalities, or mortality. Such studies are designed to study ammonia toxicity mechanisms rather than to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The compound is not used in disease treatment models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Orthophosphate can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and secreted in small amounts into it. The transport of phosphate from the intestinal lumen is an active, energy-dependent process influenced by various factors. Vitamin D can stimulate phosphate absorption; this effect has been reported to precede its role in calcium ion transport. In adults, approximately two-thirds of ingested phosphate is absorbed, and almost all absorbed phosphate is excreted in urine. In growing children, the phosphate balance is positive. Children have higher plasma phosphate concentrations than adults. This "hyperphosphatemia" reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and is considered an explanation for physiological "anemia" in children. Metabolism / Metabolites Phosphate metabolism abnormalities are present in many diseases, such as rickets, osteomalacia, primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic renal failure. /Phosphate/ Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is not a drug, and its pharmacokinetics are not characterized in the same way as drugs. When ingested, it dissociates into ammonium (NH4+) and dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) ions. Ammonium is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine, transported to the liver via the portal circulation, and converted to urea via the urea cycle (ornithine cycle). Excess ammonium is excreted by the kidneys as urea and, to a lesser extent, as ammonium ion itself (in the urine), which helps regulate acid-base balance. Phosphate is absorbed via sodium-dependent phosphate transporters (NaPi-IIb in the small intestine) and is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The elimination half-life of orally administered ammonium is short (minutes to hours, depending on liver function), while phosphate has a serum half-life of approximately 3-4 hours. No Cmax, Tmax, AUC, or Vd values are reported, as the compound is not administered as a drug. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Non-Human Toxicity Values
Rabbit dermal LD50 >7940 mg/kg body weight Rat oral LD50 5750 mg/kg body weight Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate has low acute toxicity due to the essential nature of its constituent ions. The acute oral LD₅0 in rats is estimated to be >2000 mg/kg, but precise values are not typically reported for this common fertilizer. The primary hazards are related to irritation: the solid powder can cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation upon contact. Inhalation of dust may cause coughing and shortness of breath. In large oral doses, it can cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Systemic toxicity from ammonium ions is rare but can occur at very high doses, manifesting as metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, and potential neurotoxicity. Chronic overexposure to phosphate may contribute to hyperphosphatemia, which can lead to soft tissue calcification, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. The compound is not classified as a carcinogen by IARC or NTP. The EPA has not classified ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as a hazardous air pollutant. Standard laboratory safety practices (gloves, lab coat, eye protection) are recommended. In case of eye contact, rinse with water for 15 minutes; for skin contact, wash with soap and water. If ingested, drink water and seek medical attention. The compound is not a drug, so no clinical safety data (e.g., NOAEL, LOAEL) are defined. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is an ammonium salt of phosphate (molar ratio 1:1). It is a fertilizer. It contains dihydrogen phosphate ions.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is not a drug and has no FDA/EMA/NMPA approval for therapeutic use. It is a multipurpose inorganic chemical used primarily in agriculture as a fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, MAP). In pharmaceutical applications, it may be used as an excipient (buffering agent, tablet disintegrant) or as a source of phosphate in nutritional supplements. In laboratory research, it is used as a buffer in molecular biology applications (e.g., DNA/RNA work, PCR, restriction enzyme digestions) and as a matrix additive in MALDI mass spectrometry for improved peptide ionization. It is also used as a flame retardant in dry chemical fire extinguishers (ABC-rated extinguishers), as a food additive, and as a yeast nutrient in fermentation (e.g., wine and beer production). The compound is available in various grades (ACS reagent, USP, NF, FCC) for different applications. CAS number 7722-76-1. It should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. For research and industrial use only; not for human consumption as a drug. |
| Molecular Formula |
NH4H2PO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
115.03
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| Exact Mass |
115.003
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| CAS # |
7722-76-1
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| Related CAS # |
10124-31-9
; 10124-31-9 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
24402
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| Appearance |
Colorless to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.02 g/mL at 20 °C
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| Boiling Point |
158ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
190 °C
; 190 °C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.4768
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
6
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| Complexity |
49.8
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
P(=O)([O-])(O[H])O[H].[N+]([H])([H])([H])[H]
|
| InChi Key |
LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/H3N.H3O4P/c;1-5(2,3)4/h1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4)
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| Chemical Name |
azanium dihydrogen phosphate
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| Synonyms |
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.6934 mL | 43.4669 mL | 86.9338 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7387 mL | 8.6934 mL | 17.3868 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8693 mL | 4.3467 mL | 8.6934 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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