| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Pimeloyl-CoA lithium targets enzymes involved in biotin biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. Specifically, it serves as a substrate for the biotin synthesis enzymes bioC (a methyltransferase that generates pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester) and bioH (a carboxylesterase that cleaves the methyl ester to produce pimeloyl-ACP). It also interacts with acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and other enzymes involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids. In metabolic research, the compound is used to study the regulation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) via conformational control of the AMPK beta1-isoform, influencing energy metabolism pathways .
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free biochemical assays, pimeloyl-CoA lithium is used to measure the activity of biotin biosynthesis enzymes. For example, the activity of BioH (a pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester esterase) is measured by incubating the enzyme (0.1-1 uM) with pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester (10-50 uM) in reaction buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT) for 30 minutes at 37degC. The reaction product, pimeloyl-ACP, is quantified by HPLC or LC-MS. Pimeloyl-CoA lithium can also be used as a standard for identifying and quantifying pimeloyl-CoA intermediates in biological samples. The compound is not typically used in cell-based viability assays due to its metabolic instability and role as a pathway intermediate rather than a therapeutic agent .
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| ln Vivo |
In isolated mitochondria or cell homogenates, pimeloyl-CoA lithium is used to study beta-oxidation of dicarboxylic acids. The compound is added to mitochondrial preparations (0.5-1 mg protein) in reaction buffer containing 10 mM ATP, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM L-carnitine, and 0.1 mM CoA. Following incubation at 37degC for 30-60 minutes, the production of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA (beta-oxidation products) is measured by HPLC or mass spectrometry. The compound also induces a permeability transition in cardiac mitochondrial membranes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction at high concentrations. This effect is monitored by measuring mitochondrial swelling (decrease in absorbance at 540 nm) and release of calcium or cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria .
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| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cell enzyme assay for BioH (pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester esterase) is performed as follows. Recombinant BioH enzyme (50-100 nM) is prepared in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.01% Triton X-100). Pimeloyl-CoA lithium (5-100 uM) or pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester is added as substrate. The reaction is initiated by adding the substrate and incubated at 37degC for 10-30 minutes. The reaction is terminated by adding formic acid (final concentration 0.1%) or by heating to 95degC for 5 minutes. Reaction products are separated by reverse-phase HPLC using a C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid). Elution is monitored at 260 nm (for CoA derivatives) or by mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Product peaks are identified by comparison to authentic standards .
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| Cell Assay |
For studies of mitochondrial function, rat liver mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Briefly, livers from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats are homogenized in isolation buffer (220 mM mannitol, 70 mM sucrose, 5 mM HEPES, 1 mM EGTA, pH 7.4). The homogenate is centrifuged at 600 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant is centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 minutes to pellet mitochondria. Isolated mitochondria (0.5 mg/mL protein) are resuspended in respiration buffer (125 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM glutamate, 2.5 mM malate, pH 7.4). Pimeloyl-CoA lithium (25-200 uM) is added, and oxygen consumption is measured using a Clark-type oxygen electrode at 37degC. Alternatively, mitochondrial swelling is monitored by measuring absorbance at 540 nm (decrease indicates swelling) after adding pimeloyl-CoA (10-100 uM) in a buffer containing 125 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM succinate, 1 uM rotenone, pH 7.4 .
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| Animal Protocol |
A mouse model for studying the effects of pimeloyl-CoA on cardiac function is not well-established. However, a typical protocol for assessing mitochondrial permeability transition in vivo involves administration of pimeloyl-CoA lithium (5-20 mg/kg) via intravenous or intraperitoneal injection to C57BL/6 mice (8-12 weeks old, 20-25g). After 30-60 minutes, mice are euthanized, and hearts or livers are rapidly excised. Mitochondria are isolated from the tissues as described above. The extent of permeability transition is assessed by measuring calcium retention capacity or swelling in isolated mitochondria. Alternatively, tissue levels of pimeloyl-CoA and its metabolites are quantified by LC-MS/MS. These experiments are specialized and typically performed in metabolic research laboratories .
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Published pharmacokinetic data for pimeloyl-CoA lithium is limited. As a CoA thioester with a highly polar phosphate group, pimeloyl-CoA has very poor cell membrane permeability and is not expected to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound is likely metabolized rapidly by cellular esterases and CoA-specific hydrolases to pimelic acid and free CoA. The lithium salt formulation may contribute lithium ions (Li+), which have known CNS effects at high concentrations, but the lithium content in typical experimental doses is negligible. For research use, the compound should be stored as a powder at -20degC, protected from moisture and light. Solutions should be used immediately after preparation due to the instability of thioester bonds .
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data specific to pimeloyl-CoA lithium is not publicly available. Pimelic acid (the acyl chain component) is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with low toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in rodents). Coenzyme A is a ubiquitous endogenous molecule with no known toxicity. Lithium ions, at high doses, are associated with renal, thyroid, and CNS toxicity; however, the lithium content in pimeloyl-CoA lithium is typically low and unlikely to cause systemic lithium toxicity at research doses. Standard safety precautions for handling research chemicals apply: use of PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), avoid inhalation and ingestion, and work in a fume hood .
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Pimeloyl-CoA lithium is a research chemical, not a pharmaceutical drug. It is not approved for human or veterinary therapeutic use. The compound is primarily used in biochemical studies of biotin biosynthesis (in bacteria and plants), fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is also used as a substrate for enzymatic assays and as a standard for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The compound may be used in studies of the AMPK pathway, as palmitoleoyl-CoA (a related CoA ester) regulates metabolism through conformational control of the AMPK beta1-isoform. The CAS number is likely 324518-22-1 for the lithium salt. Storage conditions: -20degC in powder form, stable for up to 3 years .
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| Molecular Formula |
C28H41LI5N7O19P3S
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| Molecular Weight |
939.35
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~106.46 mM; with ultrasonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.0646 mL | 5.3228 mL | 10.6457 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2129 mL | 1.0646 mL | 2.1291 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1065 mL | 0.5323 mL | 1.0646 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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