| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Hexanoyl-L-carnitine targets the carnitine shuttle system, specifically the carnitine acyltransferases (CPT1 and CPT2). It is a substrate for these enzymes and is involved in the transport of medium-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation. It also interacts with organic cation transporters (OCTNs) for cellular uptake. Elevated levels are associated with metabolic disorders.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free assays, hexanoyl-L-carnitine is used as a substrate for carnitine acyltransferase. Enzyme activity can be measured by incubating with the compound and CoA, followed by detection of free CoA using Ellman's reagent (DTNB) at 412 nm. It is also used as an analytical standard in LC-MS/MS for acylcarnitine profiling in metabolic studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In cell-based assays, hexanoyl-L-carnitine is used to study fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Cells treated with the compound (1-100 microM) for 4-24 hours show changes in acylcarnitine profiles and beta-oxidation flux. In models of metabolic syndrome, elevated medium-chain acylcarnitines may indicate impaired fatty acid oxidation.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cell assays, hexanoyl-L-carnitine is used as an analytical standard for LC-MS/MS. A standard curve is prepared in methanol or acetonitrile (1-1000 ng/mL). For CPT activity assays, enzyme (0.1-1 microg) is incubated with 100 microM hexanoyl-L-carnitine and 1 mM CoA in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) for 10-30 minutes at 37degC. Free CoA is measured with DTNB (absorbance 412 nm).
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based fatty acid oxidation assays, cells (e.g., HepG2 or C2C12 myotubes) are treated with hexanoyl-L-carnitine (10-100 microM) for 6-24 hours. The rate of beta-oxidation is measured by incubating cells with [3H]-palmitate and trapping released 3H2O. Alternatively, acylcarnitine profiles are analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxicity is assessed by MTT assay.
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| Animal Protocol |
No specific in vivo data for hexanoyl-L-carnitine alone is available. In rodent models of metabolic syndrome, acylcarnitine profiling has been performed following oral or intravenous administration of labeled fatty acids. For toxicity studies, mice are injected with 10-100 mg/kg IP and observed for behavioral changes. Elevated acylcarnitines are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for hexanoyl-L-carnitine is limited. Acylcarnitines are generally well absorbed and distributed. They are metabolized via beta-oxidation or hydrolyzed back to carnitine and fatty acid. Plasma half-life is short (minutes to hours). Excretion occurs in urine. For research use, store as a powder at -20degC, protected from moisture. Stable for 2-3 years.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data for hexanoyl-L-carnitine is not available. L-carnitine and its esters are generally regarded as safe at low concentrations. High levels of acylcarnitines may indicate mitochondrial dysfunction and are associated with metabolic diseases. May cause mild irritation. For research handling, wear appropriate PPE.
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| Additional Infomation |
Hexanoyl-L-carnitine is a research chemical, not an approved drug. It is used as a standard in acylcarnitine analysis for metabolic research, particularly in studies of fatty acid oxidation disorders, diabetes, and obesity. It is used in the synthesis of acylcarnitine benzyl esters. Purity ≥95% by HPLC. For laboratory use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C13H26CLNO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
295.80
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| Exact Mass |
295.155
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| CAS # |
162067-53-0
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| PubChem CID |
25105263
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| LogP |
2.461
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
271
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
[Cl-].O(C(CCCCC)=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C
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| InChi Key |
DTHGTKVOSRYXOK-RFVHGSKJSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H25NO4.ClH/c1-5-6-7-8-13(17)18-11(9-12(15)16)10-14(2,3)4;/h11H,5-10H2,1-4H3;1H/t11-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2R)-3-carboxy-2-hexanoyloxypropyl]-trimethylazanium chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.3807 mL | 16.9033 mL | 33.8066 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6761 mL | 3.3807 mL | 6.7613 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3381 mL | 1.6903 mL | 3.3807 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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