Dimethyl adipate does not have a defined biological target. It is not considered a pharmacological agent. As a diester, its primary mechanism of interaction in a biological context is through hydrolysis by esterases. This would yield monomethyl adipate and free adipic acid, which is an intermediate in the metabolism of fatty acids. Any biological activity associated with the compound is likely a result of these metabolites.

In non-cell assays, Dimethyl adipate can serve as a standard for analytical chemistry, such as in GC-MS. It is used to calibrate instruments or as an internal standard for the quantification of other esters. It has been extensively researched in material science and is considered safe due to its low toxicity, but it has no significant non-cell bioactivity.

No in vitro cell-based bioactivity data is available for Dimethyl adipate. It is not used in cell culture to study specific biological pathways. Its low toxicity makes it suitable as a solvent in cell culture applications, but it is not an active pharmacological agent.

For a non-cell analytical assay, Dimethyl adipate can be analyzed by GC-FID. A sample is diluted in a non-polar solvent like hexane. It is then injected onto a DB-5 capillary column with a standard temperature program (e.g., 40degC to 250degC). The compound elutes with a specific retention time and is identified by comparison to an authentic standard.

No in vitro cell-based assays are performed to study Dimethyl adipate's "activity." As it is inert, there are no standard protocols for its use as a bioactive molecule. It would be used as a vehicle or solvent control, with the expectation of causing no biological effect.

No in vivo animal model studies for Dimethyl adipate are available. It is not a pharmacological or therapeutic agent. Its use is confined to industrial chemistry and as a solvent in research.

Metabolism / Metabolites
This study investigated the metabolism of diesters in rat nasal mucosa tissue in vitro. Olfactory tissue homogenates from the ethmoid bone and nasal turbinates of Cr1:CDBR rats, and respiratory tissue homogenates from the nasal turbinates and maxillary turbinates, were incubated with dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, or dimethyl adipate, respectively. The reaction rate (Vmax), the second-order rate constants for binding and catalysis (V/K), the Michaelis constant (Km), and the diester concentration required to achieve half-maximal inhibition (Ksi) at saturated substrate concentrations were calculated. The results showed that both olfactory and respiratory mucosa homogenates hydrolyzed diesters to their corresponding monomethyl esters. No dicarboxylic acid metabolites were detected. The hydrolysis rate in the olfactory homogenate was consistently higher than that in the respiratory mucosa homogenate. The Vmax value in the olfactory tissue of male rats was 5–9 times higher than that in the respiratory tissue. The Vmax value in the olfactory homogenate of female rats was 6–13 times higher than that in the respiratory mucosa. The V/K values of the olfactory tissues of males and females were 4–11 times and 6–10 times higher, respectively, than those of the corresponding respiratory tissues. When dimethyl glutarate was used as a substrate, the V/K values of male and female olfactory tissues were similar. When dimethyl succinate and dimethyl adipate were used as substrates, the V/K values of female olfactory tissues were 0.5 times and 2 times higher than those of male tissues, respectively. When dimethyl adipate was used as a substrate, the Km value of olfactory tissues was the highest, followed by dimethyl adipate, and then dimethyl glutarate. The Ki value ranged from 24 to 46.5 mmol. Female rats were pretreated with 1% of a carboxylesterase-specific inhibitor, bis(p-nitrophenyl phosphate). bis(p-nitrophenyl phosphate) reduced the hydrolysis rates of dimethyl adipate, dimethyl glutarate, and dimethyl succinate in olfactory tissues by 79.8%, 81%, and 72%, respectively. The corresponding hydrolysis rates in respiratory tract tissues decreased by 87%, 73%, and 95%, respectively. The authors concluded that nasal damage in rodents caused by inhalation of ester compounds may be due to the toxic acidic metabolites produced.

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Pharmacokinetic data for Dimethyl adipate is not relevant as it is not a drug. If absorbed, it is expected to be rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases to its mono- and di-acid forms. Adipic acid is a natural dicarboxylic acid that is a normal intermediate in the fatty acid oxidation pathway.

Toxicity Summary
It is safe at the current usage and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and usage information can be found at: https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

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Interactions
This study investigated the potential effects of inhaled dimethyl glutarate (DBE) on rat development. The DBE mixture consisted of 65.12% dimethyl glutarate, 17.75% dimethyl succinate, and 16.83% dimethyl adipate. Pregnant Cr1:CD-BR rats were systemically exposed to DBE at concentrations of 0.16, 0.4, or 1.0 mg/L for 6 hours daily, starting on day 7 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation, female rats were sacrificed, and the external, visceral, and skeletal changes of the fetus were examined. During the first 6 days of gestation, rats in the 0.4 and 1.0 mg/L groups showed decreased food intake and body weight. Perinatal staining and hair wetting were also observed in the 1.0 mg/L group. No adverse effects of DBE exposure on the reproductive system or fetal weight were detected. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations between the exposed and control groups. The authors concluded that inhalation exposure to diesters at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/L had no developmental toxicity in rats.

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Dimethyl adipate has very low acute toxicity. The oral LD50 in rats is >5000 mg/kg, indicating it is practically non-toxic by ingestion. It may be mildly irritating to the eyes and skin. It is not classified as a carcinogen, mutagen, or a skin sensitizer. It is harmful to aquatic life but has a low potential for bioaccumulation.

Dimethyl adipate is a colorless liquid. (USCG, 1999)
Dimethyl adipate is a fatty acid methyl ester.
Dimethyl adipate has been reported to be present in Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus mongholicus, and relevant data are available.
Dimethyl adipate can be used as a solvent and diluent for fragrances [CCD].

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Dimethyl adipate is a research chemical and is not an FDA-approved drug. It has no clinical or therapeutic use. It is a common solvent and plasticizer in industrial research and development. It is also used as a flavoring agent and in the synthesis of other fine chemicals.

C8H14O4

174.19

174.089

627-93-0

12329

Colorless to light yellow liquid（Density：1.06 g/cm3）

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

228.7±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

46.4 °F (USCG, 1999) ; 10.3 °C ; 8 °C ; 46.4 °F

107.2±0.0 °C

0.1±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.423

1.03

0

4

7

12

135

0

O(C([H])([H])[H])C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)OC([H])([H])[H])=O

UDSFAEKRVUSQDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C8H14O4/c1-11-7(9)5-3-4-6-8(10)12-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3

dimethyl hexanedioate

Hexanedioic acid dimethyl ester

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)