| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
PPAR agonist 1 targets both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). PPARalpha is primarily expressed in the liver and regulates lipid metabolism, while PPARgamma is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and regulates glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. As a dual agonist, the compound activates both receptors, leading to improved insulin sensitivity, reduced blood glucose, lowered lipid levels, and decreased body weight. The compound is a selective agonist with potent activity at both receptor subtypes.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that PPAR agonist 1 is a potent agonist of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma. The compound activates PPARalpha and PPARgamma in cell-based reporter assays, leading to the transactivation of PPAR response element (PPRE)-driven reporter genes. The activation of PPARalpha promotes fatty acid oxidation and reduces triglyceride levels, while PPARgamma activation promotes adipocyte differentiation and improves insulin sensitivity. The compound's dual agonist activity distinguishes it from selective PPAR modulators and may provide broader metabolic benefits. The in vitro potency and efficacy have been characterized in various cell-based assays.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of PPAR agonist 1 has been demonstrated in animal models of metabolic disease. The compound reduces blood glucose, lipid levels, lowers cholesterol, and reduces body weight. As a dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist, it is expected to show efficacy in rodent models of diabetes (e.g., db/db mice, Zucker diabetic fatty rats) and diet-induced obesity. The compound's effects on glucose homeostasis are mediated through PPARgamma activation, while its lipid-lowering effects are primarily mediated through PPARalpha activation. The dual agonist profile may provide synergistic benefits in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro receptor binding and transactivation assay for PPAR agonist 1 typically involves the use of reporter cell lines expressing human PPARalpha or PPARgamma. Cells are transiently transfected with a PPRE-driven luciferase reporter construct and a PPAR expression plasmid. After transfection, cells are treated with varying concentrations of PPAR agonist 1 (typically 0.001-100 uM) for 18-24 hours. Luciferase activity is measured using a luminometer, and the EC50 for receptor activation is determined by fitting the dose-response data. Receptor binding affinity can be measured using scintillation proximity assays or fluorescence polarization-based competition binding assays with radiolabeled or fluorescent PPAR ligands.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for PPAR agonist 1 are conducted using cell lines that endogenously express PPARalpha and PPARgamma, such as HepG2 (liver) and 3T3-L1 (adipocyte) cells. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of PPAR agonist 1 (typically 0.01-100 uM) for 24-72 hours. PPAR target gene expression is measured by qPCR for genes such as CPT1A, ACOX1 (PPARalpha targets) and aP2, CD36, GLUT4 (PPARgamma targets). Adipocyte differentiation is assessed in 3T3-L1 cells by Oil Red O staining. Glucose uptake is measured using 2-deoxyglucose uptake assays in differentiated adipocytes or myotubes. Lipid accumulation is quantified by Oil Red O staining or by measuring triglyceride content.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for PPAR agonist 1 typically involve oral administration to rodent models of diabetes or obesity. Mice (e.g., db/db, ob/ob, or high-fat diet-fed mice) are treated with PPAR agonist 1 at doses ranging from 1-30 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 2-8 weeks. Blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles are measured at regular intervals. Glucose tolerance tests (OGTT or IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) are performed to assess insulin sensitivity. Body weight and food intake are monitored throughout the study. At study termination, tissues (liver, adipose, muscle) are harvested for histology, gene expression analysis, and measurement of triglyceride and cholesterol content.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of PPAR agonist 1 have been characterized in research settings. The compound has a molecular weight of 407.48 and a molecular formula of C20H25NO6S. It has a LogP of 3.5, indicating moderate lipophilicity. The compound is soluble in DMSO and can be formulated for in vivo administration using various formulations including DMSO:Tween 80:Saline (10:5:85) or DMSO:PEG300:Tween 80:Saline (10:40:5:45). The compound should be stored as a powder at -20degC for up to 3 years and in solution at -80degC for 6 months. Detailed ADME parameters are not extensively documented.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of PPAR agonist 1 has not been extensively characterized in the available literature. As a PPAR agonist, the compound may have effects on lipid metabolism, fluid retention, and weight gain, which are class effects of PPARgamma agonists. Standard toxicity screening would include assessment of cytotoxicity in cell lines, and in vivo evaluation of general toxicity parameters including body weight, clinical observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathology in rodent models. The compound is supplied for research use only and is not intended for human therapeutic use. No specific LD50 values or detailed toxicity profiles have been reported.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
PPAR agonist 1 (CAS 539813-69-9) is a novel and potent dual agonist of PPARalpha and PPARgamma with the potential to be used for reducing blood glucose, lipid levels, lowering cholesterol and reducing body weight. The compound's chemical name is (2S)-2-methoxy-3-[4-[3-(4-methylsulfonyloxyphenyl)propylamino]phenyl]propanoic acid. It is a research compound with potential applications in metabolic disorders including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The compound is available for research purposes only with purity ≥98% and should be stored at -20degC.
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| Molecular Formula |
C20H25NO6S
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| Molecular Weight |
407.480604887009
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| Exact Mass |
407.14
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| CAS # |
539813-69-9
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| PubChem CID |
10001445
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| Appearance |
Yellow to brown solid powder
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| LogP |
3.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
11
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| Heavy Atom Count |
28
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| Complexity |
560
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
OC([C@@H](OC)CC1=CC=C(NCCCC2=CC=C(OS(C)(=O)=O)C=C2)C=C1)=O
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| InChi Key |
HFRCAKXUSHNVLY-IBGZPJMESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H25NO6S/c1-26-19(20(22)23)14-16-5-9-17(10-6-16)21-13-3-4-15-7-11-18(12-8-15)27-28(2,24)25/h5-12,19,21H,3-4,13-14H2,1-2H3,(H,22,23)/t19-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-methoxy-3-[4-[3-(4-methylsulfonyloxyphenyl)propylamino]phenyl]propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4541 mL | 12.2705 mL | 24.5411 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4908 mL | 2.4541 mL | 4.9082 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2454 mL | 1.2271 mL | 2.4541 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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