| Targets |
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 13.16 μM. The compound also acts as a synthetic auxin, targeting plant hormone receptors involved in cell elongation, root development, and fruit growth. In plants, it mimics the action of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the natural auxin, by binding to auxin receptors and activating auxin-responsive gene expression.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
1-Naphthylacetic acid (0.7-14 μM) has an IC50 of 13.16 μM and a Ki of 6.87 μM, respectively, which means that it inhibits PLA2 activity [1].
Potassium 1-naphthaleneacetate inhibits PLA2 activity with an IC50 of 13.16 μM. As a synthetic auxin, it promotes plant cell elongation and division in vitro. The compound stimulates root formation in plant tissue culture and induces adventitious root development in stem cuttings. It also promotes fruit set and development in various plant species. In mammalian cell systems, its PLA2 inhibitory activity suggests potential anti-inflammatory properties, though this has not been extensively characterized. |
| ln Vivo |
In plant systems, Potassium 1-naphthaleneacetate promotes growth and development when applied to roots, stems, or leaves. It stimulates root initiation and elongation, promotes fruit development, and can induce parthenocarpy (fruit development without fertilization). The compound is absorbed through plant tissues and translocated to sites of action. In animal models, its PLA2 inhibitory activity may have implications for inflammation research, though detailed in vivo studies are limited.
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| Enzyme Assay |
PLA2 enzyme inhibition assays are performed using recombinant or purified PLA2 enzymes (e.g., bee venom PLA2 or human secretory PLA2). The enzyme is incubated with a fluorescent or radiolabeled phospholipid substrate (e.g., [14C]-phosphatidylcholine or fluorescent NBD-PC) in assay buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM CaCl2). The reaction is initiated by addition of substrate and incubated at 37°C for 30-60 minutes. Hydrolysis products (free fatty acids or lysophospholipids) are extracted and quantified by scintillation counting or fluorescence measurement. Test compounds are serially diluted and added to the reaction mixture. IC50 values are determined by non-linear regression analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular PLA2 inhibition is evaluated in cell lines expressing PLA2 enzymes, such as macrophages or epithelial cells. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with the compound at various concentrations (1-100 μM) for 1-24 hours. PLA2 activity in cell lysates or conditioned media is measured using fluorescent phospholipid substrates. Arachidonic acid release, a downstream product of PLA2 activity, is quantified by ELISA or LC-MS. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or LDH assays to ensure compound concentrations are non-cytotoxic. Each experiment includes positive controls and vehicle controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies with Potassium 1-naphthaleneacetate are primarily conducted in plant models. In agricultural research, the compound is applied to plants via foliar spray, root drench, or stem injection at concentrations ranging from 10-1000 ppm. Plant growth parameters (root length, shoot height, fruit yield) are measured over time. In animal research, the compound may be administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses determined by PLA2 inhibition studies. Standard endpoints include body weight, clinical observations, and tissue collection for biochemical analysis. Sample sizes typically range from 6-10 animals per group.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Limited PK data are available for mammalian systems. The compound has a molecular weight of 224.30 g/mol and is a solid at room temperature. Solubility: soluble in water. Storage: room temperature in a cool, dark place below 15°C. In plants, the compound is absorbed through roots and leaves and translocated via the vascular system. Its metabolism in plants involves conjugation with amino acids and sugars. In mammalian systems, it is likely metabolized via phase I and II pathways similar to other aromatic carboxylates.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Potassium 1-naphthaleneacetate are limited. As a plant growth regulator, it is considered to have low acute toxicity in mammals. Standard toxicity studies would include acute oral toxicity in rats, dermal and inhalation toxicity, skin and eye irritation, and sensitization potential. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies would be required for food-related applications. The compound is regulated as a pesticide/plant growth regulator in many jurisdictions. No human clinical data are available.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Potassium 1-naphthaleneacetate is also known as 1-naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt and potassium alpha-naphthylacetate. It is primarily used as a plant growth regulator in agriculture and horticulture for promoting root formation, fruit set, and preventing pre-harvest fruit drop. It also has PLA2 inhibitory activity with potential research applications in inflammation studies. The compound is available in various grades for research purposes. No clinical trials or regulatory approvals for human therapeutic use have been reported.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H9KO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
224.3
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| Exact Mass |
224.023
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| CAS # |
15165-79-4
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| Related CAS # |
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid;86-87-3
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| PubChem CID |
23700091
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.233g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
373.2ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
134.5-135.5ºC
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| Flash Point |
270.1ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
3.13E-06mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
1.132
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
|
| Complexity |
218
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
HPQBUYIHTJNBOM-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H10O2.K/c13-12(14)8-10-6-3-5-9-4-1-2-7-11(9)10;/h1-7H,8H2,(H,13,14);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
potassium;2-naphthalen-1-ylacetate
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| Synonyms |
alpha-Naphthylacetic acid potassium salt; alpha-Naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt; Potassium naphthalene-1-acetate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4583 mL | 22.2916 mL | 44.5831 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8917 mL | 4.4583 mL | 8.9166 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4458 mL | 2.2292 mL | 4.4583 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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