After 25 hours, goldfish treated with salt had much less mucus weight. At 25 hours, goldfish treated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) had a notable increase in mucus weight. At one and twenty-five hours, the mucus weight of koi carp treated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and salt significantly decreased. At 25 hours, the mucus in the control koi was noticeably higher. Following a two-week period, it was ascertained that the trio of koi administered salt and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) maintained their health and exhibited a greater extent of recuperation in comparison to the remaining treated koi and the control group [1].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The disposition of N-[14C]-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone has been studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. ...Up to 6 hr after dosing, the highest tissue concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver and small intestines. By that time, about 19% of the dose had been excreted in bile, yet, by 12 hr, only about 0.4% had been excreted in feces while about 75% had been excreted in urine. Thus, there appeared to be substantial enterohepatic recirculation of biliary metabolites. Very small quantities of the administered material were excreted unchanged. In a single rat, 12% of the urinary radioactivity was present as acetic acid. Other metabolites were not identified.
Following ingestion /1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone/ is mainly distributed in the liver and small intestine. It is partially excreted in the urine in an acetate form, but it is mostly (88%) combined with water-soluble acid compounds. Following iv injection, 14C-1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone was cleared from the blood with a half-life of about 2 hr. Unchanged /1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone/ accounted for <0.6% of the dose administered.
The disposition of N-[14C-vinyl]-2-pyrrolidinone was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. Plasma levels of the intact compound dropped rapidly within the first 6 hours after dosing... . Urinary excretion by 12 hours represented 74.9% of a 5 microCi dose while 18.7% was excreted into the bile by 6 hours. 14C-activity attributed to the intact compound was found to be <0.59% of the dose in the urine and <0.46% in the bile. Tissue distribution studies showed that the liver and small intestines and contents contained the highest accumulation of 14C-activity up to 6 hours after administration of N-[14C-vinyl]-2-pyrrolidinone. Urine analyses performed for metabolite elucidation indicated that 12% of the radioactivity dosed was incorporated into acetate and the major remaining portion in species which appeared to be water soluble acidic compounds.
The toxic effects of vinylpyrrolidone /and/ vinylacetate (VP-VA) were examined in rats. Female Wistar-rats, under ether narcosis, were given endotracheally 0.5 mL of a standard solution of VP-VA (10 g in 15 mL of physiological sodium-chloride solution). Other rats received up to 7 times the 2 mL standard solution daily under the skin of the back; between 1.1 and 45.0 g/kg VP-VA were injected. The animals were sacrificed between 1 and 365 days following the application of the VP-VA solution. Tissues were stained and examined by electron microscopy. One to 2 days after endotracheal injection, the alveoli were closely packed with macrophages. Four to 6 months after the last injection, there was still VP-VA in the lungs with the attendent macrophages. Animals killed 1 yr after the last injection showed no VP-VA in the lungs. After sc injection, most of the VP-VA was stored in the spleen. There were occasional, large macrophages found in the interstitial tissue of the lung. During the 1 yr period of observation, there was no evidence of tumors or systemic disease. ...
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDINONE,1-ETHENYL- (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
...The hydrolysis of /N-vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) at 37 °C and pHs ranging from 1.2-7.2 /was studied/. ...The major hydrolysis products, accounting for around 95% of hydrolysed N-VP, were identified as 2-pyrrolidone and acetaldehyde (in hydrated form) with acetaldehyde-hemihydrate accounting for the remaining 5%.
The ability of N-VP to bind to plasma proteins or microsomal proteins in vitro has been briefly investigated. At most, 12% of N-VP or its metabolites were bound to proteins, lending further weight to the conclusion that N-VP is not metabolized to an alkylating species.

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Biological Half-Life
The disposition of N-[14C]-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone has been studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single iv injection. The plasma half-life was 1.9 hr.
...The hydrolysis of /N-vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) at 37 °C and pHs ranging from 1.2-7.2 /was studied/. ...The rate of hydrolysis was inversely related to pH such that at a pH of 1.2 the half-life of N-VP in aqueous solution was only around 1.5 min; at pHs ranging from 2.2-2.5, half-lives of 20-40 min were observed; at a pH of 3.5, the half-life had risen to over 6 hr and at a pH of 7.2, N-VP was stable in aqueous solution for at least 24 hr.
/N-Vinylpyrrolidone/ (N-VP) in aqueous solution was also administered by naso-gastric tube to 3 fasted dogs at successive dose levels of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg and non-fasted dogs (fasted overnight then allowed a meal 30 min before dosing) at 20 mg/kg. ...Elimination from plasma followed an exponential pattern, with half-lives ranging between 0.3 and 0.6 hr, and was independent of dose.
...Anesthetized rats were given 14C(vinyl)-N-VP in aqueous solution via the jugular vein. ... Elimination from the blood followed a biphasic pattern and half-lives for the slow phase of around 1.5-1.9 hr were calculated. These half-life values are somewhat higher than those calculated in the previous oral and other iv studies.

Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) = 3,200 mg/m3/4h

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 1470 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit dermal 560 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral about 940 mg/kg bw
LC50 Rat inhalation 3.07 mg/L/4 hr
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDINONE,1-ETHENYL- (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Laboratory evaluation of different formulations of Stress Coat? for slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). PeerJ. 2017 Sep 6;5:e3759.

N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones.
See also: Povidone (annotation moved to).

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Therapeutic Uses
BOP (biocompatible osteoconductive polymer) is a material proposed for osteosyntheses and for filling of bone defects in orthopedics, neurosurgery and stomatology. It is a composite made of a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and methylmethacrylate, of polyamide-6 fibers and of calcium gluconate.

C6H9NO

111.1418

111.068

9003-39-8

9003-39-8

6917

White to off-white solid powder

1.144g/cm3

217.6ºC at 760 mmHg

130ºC

93.9ºC

0.69

0

1

1

8

120

0

O=C1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N1C([H])=C([H])[H]

WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H9NO/c1-2-7-5-3-4-6(7)8/h2H,1,3-5H2

1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one

polyvidonepovidonePVP K29-32

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)