| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Polygalacturonic acid does not have a specific pharmacological target as it is a polymeric compound used for its physical and chemical properties. Its mechanism of action is related to its ability to sequester metal ions and form gels. In biological systems, it has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, protecting cells from the destructive effect of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). It can also be used to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which exhibit antibacterial activity.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug effects can be extended by forming long-lasting hydrogels with polygalacturonic acid. In laminectomized male adult rats, polygalacturonic acid hydrogel/hyaluronate, for example, coupled with ibuprofen, lowers tissue adhesion, inhibits epidural fibrosis, and enhances the effectiveness of local inflammation control. consequences of Profen [1]. L929 fibroblasts were not significantly affected by 2%, 200 μL, or 24 hours of polygalacturonic acid hydrogel/hyaluronate (PGA-HA) [1]. Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) (Ag-PGA/HA)-PVA nanoparticles were prepared, and they demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-negative strains of Escherichia coli as well as Gram-positive strains of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus [2].
In vitro studies demonstrate that polygalacturonic acid can be used to form a durable hydrogel to prolong the effect of drugs. For example, polygalacturonic acid hydrogel/hyaluronate conjugated with ibuprofen prevents epidural fibrosis in rats and increases the efficiency of local inflammation control. The hydrogel (2%, 200 µL; 24 h) shows low cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts. Polygalacturonic acid can be used to prepare (Ag-PGA/HA)-PVA nanoparticles, which show antibacterial activity against gram-positive (Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia Coli) bacterial strains. |
| ln Vivo |
Polygalacturonic acid (topical; 14 days) promotes rapid healing of wound infections in albino rats [2].
In vivo studies have shown that polygalacturonic acid enhances quick healing of wound infections. In a full-thickness wound model in albino rats (60-day-old, 180 g), Ag-polygalacturonic acid/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles were applied on the dorsal muscle fascia daily for 14 days. The treatment resulted in no sign of abscess formation or hypertrophic scars in the early (day 5) or final phase (day 14). Significant wound healing was observed from day 8, and epithelization was induced by day 14. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell-based assays for polygalacturonic acid typically involve measuring its metal-chelating ability, antioxidant activity (e.g., DPPH radical scavenging), and gel-forming properties. These assays are performed in test tubes or plates without the use of living cells. The compound can be used as a substrate to determine polygalacturonase activity or to prepare oligogalacturonates mixtures for studying acetylesterase specificities. Its ability to sequester metal ions can be assessed using colorimetric or spectroscopic methods.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for polygalacturonic acid involve treating cultured cells with the compound and measuring its protective effects against oxidative stress, its anti-inflammatory activity, and its ability to promote wound healing. Cell viability is assessed using standard assays (e.g., MTT). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels can be measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. Inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) is measured by ELISA. The compound's low cytotoxicity is confirmed in fibroblast cell lines such as L929.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Albino rat full-thickness wound model (60 days old, 180 grams) [2] Usage and
Doses: Silver polygalacturonic acid/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles Route of Administration: Apply to dorsal myofascia; use alcohol every day Clean the wound; 14-day Experimental Results: No signs of abscess formation or hypertrophic scarring in the early stages; Day 5 or final stage; Day 14 respectively. Treatment with (Ag-PGA/HA)-PVA nanofibers and blank (PGA/HA)-PVA nanofibers demonstrated significant wound healing from day 8 and induced epithelialization at day 14. In vivo animal experiments with polygalacturonic acid are conducted in wound healing models. In a full-thickness wound model in albino rats, Ag-polygalacturonic acid/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles were applied topically on the dorsal muscle fascia. The wounds were cleaned daily with alcohol for 14 days. Wound healing was assessed by measuring the rate of wound closure, epithelization, and signs of abscess formation or hypertrophic scars. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of polygalacturonic acid are not well-characterized, as it is a polymeric compound used primarily as a reagent and for topical applications. It is insoluble in water (<0.1 mg/mL) but can be dissolved in aqueous NaOH (pH 11) with heating to 60°C. For storage, the powder is kept at 4°C, protected from light; in solvent, it is stable at -80°C for 6 months and at -20°C for 1 month.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Polygalacturonic acid is generally considered to have low toxicity. It is used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for its gelling, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. The compound is biocompatible and has been used in wound healing applications without significant adverse effects.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pectin is a mixture of various complex colloidal macromolecular plant galacturonic acids, containing a large number of D-pyranogalacturonic acid residues linked by α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Its carboxyl groups can be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups, or partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown in the figure is that of the parent polygalacturonic acid. Pectin can be used as an antidiarrheal agent, food stabilizer, food emulsifier, food thickener, food gelling agent, plant metabolite, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a mixture and also a galacturonic acid. It is the conjugate acid of pectin esters.
α-Isomer of D-galacturonic acid. α-D-pyranogalacturonic acid has been reported in Primula veris and Caenorhabditis elegans, and relevant data are available. It has been reported that α-D-galacturonic acid exists in primrose (Primula veris) and Caenorhabditis elegans, and relevant data are available. See also: GUM-1 (monomer); Bella pectin (monomer); polygalacturonic acid (monomer)... See more... Polygalacturonic acid is a polymer derived from pectin, composed of galacturonic acid units. Methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid form pectin. The compound is used in the preabsorption of 2F4 primary antibody solution and as a substrate for polygalacturonase activity assays. It has bioactivity in immune modulation and potential therapeutic applications are under active research. In land plants, bound polygalacturonase-inhibiting peptides (PGIP) protect pectin from degradation by fungal polygalacturonases. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H10O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
194.1394
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| Exact Mass |
194.042
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| CAS # |
25990-10-7
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| Related CAS # |
25990-10-7 (homopolymer);9046-38-2 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
445929
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
553.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
302.6±26.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.592
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| LogP |
-1.49
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
205
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
[C@@H]1([C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]1O)O)C(=O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-BKBMJHBISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H10O7/c7-1-2(8)4(5(10)11)13-6(12)3(1)9/h1-4,6-9,12H,(H,10,11)/t1-,2+,3+,4-,6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~5 mg/mL
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.1509 mL | 25.7546 mL | 51.5092 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0302 mL | 5.1509 mL | 10.3018 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5151 mL | 2.5755 mL | 5.1509 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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