Toxicity Summary
L-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that exists in high concentrations in its free state in blood plasma. It is produced from pyruvate via transamination. L-alanine participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the energy source for muscle cells. During prolonged exercise, BCAAs are released from skeletal muscle; their carbon skeleton is used as fuel, while their nitrogenous portion is used to synthesize another amino acid—alanine. Alanine is then converted into glucose in the liver. This energy production pathway is known as the alanine-glucose cycle, which plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose balance in the body.

L-Alanine is the L-enantiomer of alanine. It is an EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionic acid lyase) inhibitor and an important metabolite. It belongs to the pyruvate family of amino acids, is a protein-forming amino acid, and is also an L-α-amino acid, belonging to the alanine family. It is the conjugate base of L-alanine, the conjugate acid of L-alanine, an enantiomer of D-alanine, and a zwitterion tautomer of L-alanine. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, existing in high concentrations in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate via transamination. It participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system. L-Alanine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Alanine is an amino acid.
It has been reported that alanine is found in plants of the genus Euphorbia (such as creeping euphorbia and angelica) and other organisms with relevant data.
Alanine is an essential small-molecule amino acid for the human body and one of the most widely used amino acids in protein synthesis, participating in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin pyridoxine. Alanine is an important energy source for muscles and the central nervous system, enhancing the immune system, aiding in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids, and having a cholesterol-lowering effect in animals. (NCI04)
Alanine is a non-essential amino acid synthesized in the body from the conversion of carbohydrate pyruvate or DNA breakdown, as well as from dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscles and is one of the most important amino acids released from muscles, serving as a primary energy source. Plasma alanine levels are typically lower when branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are deficient. This finding may be related to muscle metabolism. Alanine is found in high concentrations in meat products and other high-protein foods such as wheat germ and cheese. Alanine is an important participant and regulator of glucose metabolism. In diabetes and hypoglycemia, alanine levels are positively correlated with blood glucose levels, and alanine can alleviate severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte proliferation and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in laboratory animals. Like other amino acids, normal alanine metabolism is highly dependent on enzymes containing vitamin B6. Alanine, along with GABA, taurine, and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is produced from pyruvate via transamination. Alanine participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy to muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system.
Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, existing in high concentrations in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate via transamination. Alanine participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy to muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system.
See also: Glatiramer acetate (monomer); Glatiramer (monomer). Amliximod (monomer)...See more...
Drug Indications
For protein synthesis.

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Mechanism of Action
L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that exists in high concentrations in its free state in blood plasma. It is produced from pyruvate via transamination. It participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the energy source for muscle cells. During prolonged exercise, BCAAs are released from skeletal muscle; their carbon skeleton is used as fuel, while their nitrogenous portion is used to synthesize another amino acid—alanine. Alanine is then converted into glucose in the liver. This energy production pathway is known as the alanine-glucose cycle, which plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis.

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Therapeutic Use
Experimental Treatment: …The treatment of 94 male patients aged 6–59 years with acute watery diarrhea was reported. 49 patients received standard glucose (glucose) formulations with a total dose of 105–1719 ml/kg; 45 patients received the same solution supplemented with 90 μM/L alanine, with a total dose of 60–1035 ml/kg. All patients received intravenous rehydration salts and oral tetracycline. During the initial 24 hours of treatment until diarrhea ceased, patients receiving alanine-containing solutions had a lower median fecal output per kilogram of body weight than the control group. Patients receiving alanine also had reduced oral rehydration salt intake. Two patients receiving alanine-containing solutions and 18 patients receiving standard treatment developed dehydration during oral treatment, requiring urgent rapid intravenous rehydration to correct the condition.
Dietary Supplements
For use in injectable or infusion formulations; dietary supplements and flavorings in Maillard reaction products; glucagon secretion stimulants.
Pharmacodynamics

Important energy source for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system; enhances the immune system by producing antibodies; aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates and organic acids.

89.09318

89.047

25191-17-7

25191-17-7

5950

Orthorhombic crystals from water
White crystalline powder

1.2±0.1 g/cm3

212.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg

82.6±22.6 °C

0.1±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.460

-0.68

2

3

1

6

61.8

1

C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N

InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1

(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)