| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| ln Vivo |
In mice, piperaquine (10-90 mg/kg; single intraperitoneal injection) decreases parasitemia at all tested doses [1]. The piperaquine (90 mg/kg; single intraperitoneal injection) had the following t1/2, apparent clearance, and apparent volume of distribution: 17.8 days, 33.5 mg·h/L, 1.55 L/h/kg, and 956 L/kg, respectively; 16.1 days for healthy mice and 16.1 days for mice with malaria, 27.3 mg·h/L, 1.9 L/h/kg, and 1,059 L/kg[1].
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Piperaquine is absorbed slowly, and its plasma concentration curve exhibits multiple peaks, suggesting enterohepatic circulation during absorption. Due to this complexity, there is no definitive value for the bioavailability of piperaquine, but it is absorbed in large quantities into the systemic circulation. When taken with food, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) increases by 217%, and the mean exposure increases by 177%. The time to peak concentration (Tmax) is unaffected by food and is approximately 5 hours. Observations have shown that piperaquine accumulates 30-50% more in women than in men. It also accumulates in erythrocytes, similar to [DB11638]. Piperaquine is primarily excreted in feces, with very low concentrations in urine. Piperaquine is believed to be distributed in a central compartment with an apparent volume of 26.7 L/kg and two peripheral compartments with apparent volumes of 76.8 L/kg and 617 L/kg, respectively. The total volume of distribution is 720.5 L/kg. The mean apparent total clearance observed in adult malaria patients was 1.12 L/h/kg. Metabolites/Metabolic Products: Piperaquine undergoes N-dealkylation, separating its fatty bridge from one of the nitrogen-containing rings. The resulting aldehyde is then oxidized to a carboxylic acid, forming metabolite 1 (M1). The same nitrogen-containing ring can also be hydroxylated at one of two sites, generating M3 or M4. M2 is formed via N-oxidation of a nitrogen atom in one of the quinoline groups on either side of the molecule. When both nitrogen atoms are oxidized, M5 is generated. M1 and M2 are the major metabolites. All of these metabolites are detected in urine. Biological Half-Life: The observed terminal elimination half-life is 576 hours or 24 days. This is thought to be due to the widespread distribution of piperaquine. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Protein Binding
Piperaquine is considered to bind almost completely to plasma proteins. Binding rates have been measured to be >99% in humans, rats, and dogs. |
| References |
[1]. Moore BR, et, al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperaquine in a murine malaria model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jan; 52(1): 306-11.
[2]. Davis TME, et, al. Piperaquine: a resurgent antimalarial drug. Drugs. 2005; 65(1): 75-87. |
| Additional Infomation |
Piperaquine is an aminoquinoline compound with the chemical name 1,3-bis(piperazin-1-yl)propane, in which the nitrogen atom at the 4-position of each piperazine ring is replaced by a 7-chloroquinoline-4-yl group. It is an antimalarial drug. Piperaquine belongs to the N-arylpiperazine class, organochlorine class, and aminoquinoline class. Piperaquine was first synthesized in the 1960s and widely used in China. In the 1980s, with the emergence of piperaquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and the advent of artemisinin derivatives, its use gradually decreased. Today, piperaquine has been reintroduced into use in combination with the artemisinin derivative [DB11638] in the combination drug Eurotesim. Eurotesim first received marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in October 2011. Indications: For the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in adults, children, and infants aged 6 months and older weighing more than 5 kg. It must be used in combination with [DB11638].
FDA Label Mechanism of Action The mechanism by which piperaquine inhibits the heme detoxification pathway is not yet clear, but is expected to be similar to [DB00608]. Pharmacodynamics Piperaquine inhibits the heme detoxification pathway of Plasmodium falciparum. |
| Molecular Formula |
C29H32CL2N6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
535.51
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| Exact Mass |
534.206
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| CAS # |
4085-31-8
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| Related CAS # |
Piperaquine phosphate;85547-56-4;Piperaquine tetraphosphate tetrahydrate;915967-82-7;Piperaquine tetraphosphate;911061-10-4;Piperaquine-d6;1261394-71-1
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| PubChem CID |
122262
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
721.1±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
198-200°C (lit.)
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| Flash Point |
389.9±32.9 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.664
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| LogP |
5.15
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
37
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| Complexity |
655
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C(CN1CCN(CC1)C2=CC=NC3=C2C=CC(=C3)Cl)CN4CCN(CC4)C5=CC=NC6=C5C=CC(=C6)Cl
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8674 mL | 9.3369 mL | 18.6738 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3735 mL | 1.8674 mL | 3.7348 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1867 mL | 0.9337 mL | 1.8674 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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