| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In rats, phosphatamine is rapidly metabolized after oral administration. Three unidentified compounds are present in the urine. After carbonyl-14 labeling, 65.4% of the labeled product appears as 14CO₂ within 4 days, and 32.4% appears in urine and feces. Metabolism/Metabolites Phosphatamine-oxyketones formed in treated plants are degraded more rapidly than phosphatamine. In plants, they are broken down by hydrolysis. Organophosphate metabolism Metabolism of organophosphates occurs primarily through oxidation, esterase hydrolysis, and reactions with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphate pesticides can produce moderately toxic products. Generally, thiophosphates themselves are not directly toxic and require oxidative metabolism to produce proximal toxins. Products produced by glutathione transferase reactions are generally less toxic. Paraoxyphosphatase (PON1) is a key enzyme in organophosphate metabolism. PON1 can inactivate certain organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 can hydrolyze active metabolites in a variety of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents (such as soman, sarin, and VX). The existence of PON1 polymorphism leads to differences in the enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, suggesting that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of organophosphate exposure. |
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Phosphoxim is a cholinesterase, or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Cholinesterase inhibitors (or "anticholinesterases") inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Because acetylcholinesterase plays a vital physiological role, chemicals that interfere with its activity are potent neurotoxins; even low doses can cause excessive salivation and lacrimation, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Substances used in nerve gases and many pesticides have been shown to exert their effects by binding to serine residues at the active site of acetylcholinesterase, thus completely inhibiting the enzyme's activity. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle or organ relaxation. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase results in the accumulation and sustained action of acetylcholine, leading to the continuous transmission of nerve impulses and an inability to stop muscle contractions. The most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-containing compounds designed to bind to the enzyme's active site. Its structural requirements include a phosphorus atom with two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (e.g., a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen atom. Interactions Rats were orally treated with chlorpromazine (I) (0.02 mg/day), azole (II) (0.0386 mg/day), or a combination of both drugs for 5 weeks. Liver histological and histochemical studies showed that the drug treatment caused morphological and enzymatic damage. The damage caused by the combination therapy was more severe than that caused by I or II alone. Compound I appears to be a hepatotoxic agent, and the increased hepatocyte changes after combination therapy may be due to compound II inducing increased metabolism of compound I, leading to the rapid generation of hepatotoxic free radicals. Non-human toxicity values LD50: Male rat, oral 120-170 mg/kg LD50: Mouse, oral 180 mg/kg LD50: Guinea pig, oral 380 mg/kg LD50: Rat, dermal 1500 mg/kg For more complete non-human toxicity data for PHOSALONE (9 in total), please visit the HSDB records page. |
| Additional Infomation |
Phosphatidylcholine belongs to the 1,3-benzoxazole class of compounds. It has a [(diethiophosphate)thio]methyl group attached to its nitrogen atom, a carbonyl group at position 2, and a chlorine group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide. Phosphatidylcholine can be used as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide, and an agricultural chemical. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide, an organochlorine insecticide, a carbamate compound, and also a 1,3-benzoxazole compound. There are reports of phosphatidylcholine being found in the cellulosic fungus Sorangium cellulosum, and relevant data are available. Phosphatidylcholine is a commonly used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. This pesticide was developed by Rhône-Poulenc in France, but the European Union removed it from the pesticide registration list in December 2006.
Mechanism of Action Organophosphorus pesticides (including phosphatidylcholinesterase) exert neurotoxicity by binding to and phosphorylating acetylcholinesterase in the central (brain) and peripheral nervous systems. Laboratory animal data are available to assess the effects of organophosphorus pesticides on cholinesterase activity in plasma, erythrocytes, and brain tissue, as well as behavioral or functional neurological effects observed in submitted guideline studies. However, measurement data on the inhibitory effects of organophosphorus pesticides on acetylcholinesterase in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very limited. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) science policy, when brain tissue cholinesterase data are lacking, blood cholinesterase data (plasma and erythrocytes) are considered a suitable surrogate measure for assessing potential effects on acetylcholinesterase activity in the peripheral nervous system and potential effects on the central nervous system. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H15CLNO4PS2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
367.79
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| Exact Mass |
366.986
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| CAS # |
2310-17-0
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| PubChem CID |
4793
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| Appearance |
Crystals
White Colorless |
| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
446.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
45-48ºC
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| Flash Point |
223.9±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.609
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| LogP |
4.28
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
418
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
S=P(OCC)(SCN1C(OC2=CC(Cl)=CC=C12)=O)OCC
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| InChi Key |
IOUNQDKNJZEDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H15ClNO4PS2/c1-3-16-19(20,17-4-2)21-8-14-10-6-5-9(13)7-11(10)18-12(14)15/h5-7H,3-4,8H2,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
6-chloro-3-(diethoxyphosphinothioylsulfanylmethyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one
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| Synonyms |
Fozalon; Azofene; Phosalone
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 41 mg/mL (~111.47 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7189 mL | 13.5947 mL | 27.1894 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5438 mL | 2.7189 mL | 5.4379 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2719 mL | 1.3595 mL | 2.7189 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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