| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 25g |
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| 100g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of pamoic acid is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35), for which it is a potent agonist with an EC₅₀ value of 79 nM. Additionally, pamoic acid acts on the following targets:
HMGB1 (High-Mobility Group Box 1): Pamoic acid is a direct ligand of HMGB1, inhibiting the formation of HMGB1·CXCL12 heterocomplexes
CXCL12: Pamoic acid directly binds to CXCL12, interfering with its interaction with HMGB1
DNA polymerase β: Pamoic acid inhibits DNA polymerase β activity with an IC₅₀ of 9000 nM (9 μM)
Activation of GPR35 by pamoic acid induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, recruitment of β-arrestin2 to GPR35, and internalization of GPR35.
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| ln Vitro |
Pamoic acid activation of GPR35 may phosphorylate ERK1/2 more highly and trigger anti-inflammatory signaling by blocking the NF-κB-dependent kinase gene [1].
GPR35 Agonist Activity: Pamoic acid is a potent GPR35 agonist with an EC₅₀ of 79 nM. In β-arrestin recruitment assays using CHO-K1 cells, it exhibits a pEC₅₀ value of 7.52 (EC₅₀ 30 nM), and in HT-29 cell dynamic mass redistribution assays, the pEC₅₀ value reaches as high as 8.68 (EC₅₀ 2.1 nM). Anti-inflammatory Activity: Activation of GPR35 by pamoic acid increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation, subsequently initiating anti-inflammatory signaling by suppressing NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene transcription. In cell migration assays, pamoic acid inhibits HMGB1·CXCL12-dependent chemotaxis. HMGB1/CXCL12 Inhibition: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and three-dimensional models demonstrate that pamoic acid is a direct ligand of both HMGB1 and CXCL12, interfering with their heterocomplex formation and inhibiting related chemotactic activity. Antipruritic Activity: In cultured cells, pamoic acid treatment reduces keratinocyte fragmentation under dermatitic stimulation. Pamoic acid also inhibits non-histaminergic itch signaling. Anticancer Synergistic Activity: Pamoic acid serves as an in situ trapping agent, increasing the hydrophobicity of metformin and topotecan, facilitating exceptionally high payload capacity (>40 wt% and 32 wt%, respectively) in mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and producing synergistic cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231/4T1 cells. |
| ln Vivo |
Pamoic acid (sc; 50-100 mg/kg) exhibits neuroprotective properties and activates GPR35 in a stroke-modeling mice. It was shown that pamoic acid decreased infarct size in a GPR35-dependent manner by pharmacological suppression of GPR35. Treatment with pamoic acid causes a decrease in neutrophil counts in the ischemic brain and a selective rise in non-inflammatory Ly-6CLo monocytes/macrophages [1].
Anti-inflammatory Activity (P. aeruginosa Pneumonia Model): In acute and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection models in C57Bl/6NCrlBR mice, aerosol delivery of pamoic acid (single or repeated administration) effectively reduces airway inflammation and damage, decreases leukocyte recruitment (particularly neutrophils), and reduces myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase levels. Antipruritic Activity (Dermatitis and Psoriasis Models): In 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced dermatitis models and psoriasis models, repeated topical application of pamoic acid significantly improves pruritus symptoms and dermatitic scores. Neuroprotective Activity (Stroke Model): In a mouse stroke model, subcutaneous administration of pamoic acid (50-100 mg/kg) is neuroprotective, reducing infarct size in a GPR35-dependent manner. Pamoic acid treatment results in a preferential increase of non-inflammatory Ly-6CLo monocytes/macrophages in the ischemic brain along with reduced neutrophil counts. Antinociceptive Activity: In a mouse model of visceral pain, pamoic acid attenuates visceral pain perception, indicating antinociceptive effects possibly mediated through GPR35 receptors. |
| Enzyme Assay |
NMR Binding Assay: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with chemical shift perturbation methods is used to detect pamoic acid binding to HMGB1 and CXCL12. Changes in chemical shifts of specific atoms of the proteins upon pamoic acid addition determine direct interaction with target proteins.
Radioligand Competition Binding Assay: Using [³H]PSB-13253 as a tracer in CHO cells expressing human recombinant GPR35, competitive binding affinity of pamoic acid is determined by liquid scintillation counting to calculate Ki values.
BRET Binding Assay: Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technology is used to detect pamoic acid-induced β-arrestin2 recruitment in HEK293T cells co-expressing GPR35 and β-arrestin2, calculating EC₅₀ values.
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| Cell Assay |
Chemotaxis Migration Assay: Cell migration models are used to detect the inhibitory activity of pamoic acid on HMGB1·CXCL12-dependent chemotaxis.
β-arrestin Recruitment Assay: In CHO cells expressing C-terminal β-galactosidase-tagged human recombinant GPR35, cells are incubated with pamoic acid for 90 minutes, followed by β-galactosidase reporter gene detection of β-arrestin recruitment.
Dynamic Mass Redistribution Assay: In HT-29 cells expressing human GPR35, dynamic mass redistribution responses are monitored over 60 minutes to evaluate the agonist activity of pamoic acid.
Keratinocyte Protection Assay: Under dermatitic stimulation conditions, keratinocytes are co-incubated with pamoic acid to assess reduction in cellular fragmentation.
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| Animal Protocol |
Aerosol Administration Pneumonia Model: C57Bl/6NCrlBR mice receive single or repeated pamoic acid administration via aerosol inhalation to evaluate efficacy in acute and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection models. Read-outs include weight loss, bacterial load, and inflammatory response in lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Subcutaneous Injection Stroke Model: In a mouse stroke model, pamoic acid is administered subcutaneously (50-100 mg/kg), and neuroprotective effects are evaluated by measuring infarct size and monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil counts in brain tissue.
Topical Application Dermatitis/Psoriasis Model: In 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced dermatitis models and psoriasis models, pamoic acid is applied repeatedly, and efficacy is evaluated by pruritus scores and dermatitic scores.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption: Pamoic acid is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with a time to maximal concentration of approximately 3-3.5 hours. Following administration of hydroxyzine pamoate (100 mg), the plasma concentration-time profile of pamoic acid exhibits biphasic elimination.
Distribution: The oral volume of distribution ranges widely from 99 to 1200 L. Pamoic acid has limited ability to cross epithelial barriers, making it suitable for topical delivery.
Elimination: The mean apparent half-life is 5.7 hours after single dosing and 7.0 hours after multiple dosing. Oral clearance ranges from 12 to 115 L/hr.
Multiple-dose Steady State Concentration: The maximum average steady-state concentration of pamoic acid is 715 ng/mL after multiple dosing.
Physicochemical Properties: Molecular weight 388.38 g/mol; storage conditions: 2-8°C, protected from light, dry, and sealed.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
According to the Safety Data Sheet, pamoic acid is not classified as a hazardous substance or mixture and has no GHS hazard label elements. Regarding carcinogenicity, it is not listed as hazardous by NTP, IARC, OSHA, or ACGIH. However, the detailed toxicological effects of this product have not been thoroughly studied, and the complete toxicity profile requires further experimental validation. Known hazards include the potential emission of irritant fumes during combustion. Handling precautions: Avoid inhalation of dust and vapor, avoid contact with eyes and skin, use only in areas with appropriate exhaust ventilation, and wash hands thoroughly after handling.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pamoic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to 2-naphthoic acid. It is the conjugate acid of the pamoate (2-) group. Pamoic acid (also known as embonic acid or embonate) is a widely used salt-forming agent in pharmaceutical formulations, serving to prepare long-acting preparations by forming pamoate salts with basic drugs. Recent studies have revealed that pamoic acid itself can act as a potent agonist of GPR35, a receptor that is an emerging target for drug development in areas such as inflammation, pain, and neuroprotection. Pamoic acid and its pamoate salts have been widely used in clinical practice, including hydroxyzine pamoate (Vistaril) and triptorelin pamoate (Trelstar), among others. As a research tool compound, pamoic acid holds significant value in elucidating GPR35 pharmacology and in drug development aimed at stimulating GPR35. Since the detailed toxicological data for this compound still require further investigation, handling should follow standard laboratory safety practices.
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| Molecular Formula |
C23H16O6
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| Molecular Weight |
388.37
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| Exact Mass |
388.094
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 71.13; H, 4.15; O, 24.72
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| CAS # |
130-85-8
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| Related CAS # |
59413-58-0 (di-lithium salt);6640-22-8 (di-hydrochloride salt);68226-93-7 (di-cesium salt);68226-94-8 (di-rubidium salt);68226-95-9 (di-potassium salt)
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| PubChem CID |
8546
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
642.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
≥300 °C (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
356.5±28.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.782
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| LogP |
6.35
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
569
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=C(C(=C2CC3=C(C(=CC4=CC=CC=C43)C(=O)O)O)O)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
WLJNZVDCPSBLRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C23H16O6/c24-20-16(14-7-3-1-5-12(14)9-18(20)22(26)27)11-17-15-8-4-2-6-13(15)10-19(21(17)25)23(28)29/h1-10,24-25H,11H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)
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| Chemical Name |
4-[(3-carboxy-2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid
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| Synonyms |
NSC-30188; Embonic acid; PAMOIC ACID; 130-85-8; Embonic acid; 4,4'-Methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid); Pamosaeure; Pamoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~128.74 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5749 mL | 12.8743 mL | 25.7486 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5150 mL | 2.5749 mL | 5.1497 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2575 mL | 1.2874 mL | 2.5749 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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