| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium targets enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including those in the β-oxidation pathway and sphingosine biosynthesis. As a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, it serves as a substrate for various enzymes including acyltransferases and β-oxidation enzymes. The compound is transported into the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system. It is used as a substrate for sphingosine biosynthesis. Palmitoyl-CoA is widely used in cardiovascular, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorder studies.
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| ln Vitro |
The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in chicken hepatocytes is reversibly inhibited by lithium palmitoyl-CoA (100 μM), which also competes with citric acid to regulate fatty acid synthesis in the body [1]. Elevated lithium palmitoyl-CoA levels in mitochondria inhibit ADP entry, which increases palmitoyl-CoA's inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase [2].
In vitro, Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium is used as a substrate in enzyme assays to study lipid metabolism and enzyme activity. It has been used for microinjecting newt eggs to study the effect of citrate synthase inhibition in egg activation. It has also been used in reaction mix for thioesterase I (tesA) enzymatic activity assays. Palmitoyl-CoA has been used in in vitro S-palmitoylation of cyclophilin D. The compound is used in cardiovascular, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorder studies. |
| ln Vivo |
Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium is not used as a therapeutic agent but as a research tool for studying lipid metabolism. Its in vivo role is as a metabolite involved in fatty acid metabolism and cellular energy production. The compound is transported into the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system and participates in β-oxidation. It is used as a substrate for sphingosine biosynthesis. The compound is used in biochemical research to study lipid metabolism and related diseases.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium typically involve measuring the activity of enzymes that use palmitoyl-CoA as a substrate. The compound is dissolved in water or buffer and added to reaction mixtures containing the enzyme of interest (e.g., thioesterase I, citrate synthase). The reaction products are measured using spectrophotometric, chromatographic, or mass spectrometric methods. For S-palmitoylation assays, the compound is used to study protein palmitoylation. The compound is typically used at concentrations of 1-100 µM.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays using Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium are performed to study its effects on lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. Cells are treated with the compound, and its effects on fatty acid oxidation, lipid synthesis, and energy production are measured. The compound's ability to modulate the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism can be assessed in cell lysates. The compound's effects on protein palmitoylation can also be studied. The compound is typically dissolved in water or buffer and added to cell culture medium.
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| Animal Protocol |
Specific in vivo animal experiment protocols for Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium are not detailed in the available literature. As a metabolite, it is not typically administered as a drug. However, its role in lipid metabolism suggests it could be studied in animal models of metabolic diseases. The compound's levels could be measured in tissues to assess metabolic flux. Palmitoyl-CoA has been used for microinjecting newt eggs in research studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium has a molecular weight of 1004.94 g/mol (free acid basis) and is an acyl-CoA thioester. The compound contains the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid. For storage, the compound is kept at -20°C. Its purity is typically ≥90%. Palmitoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system and participates in β-oxidation. It can also be used as a substrate for sphingosine biosynthesis. The compound is used in cardiovascular, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorder studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicological data for Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium are not provided in the available sources. As a naturally occurring metabolite, it is likely to have a low toxicity profile. However, as a research chemical, it is intended for laboratory use only and is not for human consumption. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound, including the use of gloves and eye protection.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium (CAS 188174-64-3) is a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA derivative involved in lipid metabolism and cellular energy production. It is an acyl-CoA thioester that contains the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid. The compound has a molecular weight of 1004.94 g/mol (free acid basis). Palmitoyl-CoA can be transported into the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system and participate in β-oxidation. It can also be used as a substrate for sphingosine biosynthesis. The compound is used in cardiovascular, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorder studies. It is intended for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C37H65N7O17P3S-.LI+
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1011.8761
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| Exact Mass |
1011.353
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| CAS # |
188174-64-3
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| Related CAS # |
Palmitoyl coenzyme A;1763-10-6
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| PubChem CID |
71308765
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
22
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
34
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| Heavy Atom Count |
66
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| Complexity |
1640
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
[Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)[O-])O
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| InChi Key |
BSAYABVAJQBKKB-NNGKVBCISA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C37H66N7O17P3S.Li/c1-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-28(46)65-21-20-39-27(45)18-19-40-35(49)32(48)37(2,3)23-58-64(55,56)61-63(53,54)57-22-26-31(60-62(50,51)52)30(47)36(59-26)44-25-43-29-33(38)41-24-42-34(29)44;/h24-26,30-32,36,47-48H,4-23H2,1-3H3,(H,39,45)(H,40,49)(H,53,54)(H,55,56)(H2,38,41,42)(H2,50,51,52);/q;+1/p-1/t26-,30-,31-,32+,36-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
lithium;[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-[[[[(3R)-4-[[3-(2-hexadecanoylsulfanylethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutoxy]-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.9883 mL | 4.9413 mL | 9.8826 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1977 mL | 0.9883 mL | 1.9765 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0988 mL | 0.4941 mL | 0.9883 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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