Size | Price | |
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100mg | ||
250mg | ||
500mg |
Palmitoleic acid (hexadec-9-enoic acid; 9-trans-Hexadecenoic acid), the trans isomer of palmitoleic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid with the formula CH₅CH=CH(CH₂)₇COOH that is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver. It is biosynthesized from palmitic acid by the action of the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1.
ln Vitro |
One of the monounsaturated fatty acids that is most prevalent in blood and tissues, particularly adipose tissue and liver, is palmitoleate, also known as palmmitoleic acid. Its cis isomer, cis palmitoleate, is generated endogenously by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. Numerous cardiometabolic risk factors, such as hypertension, total cholesterol, TG, apoA-I, apoB, and endothelial dysfunction, are linked to palmitoleic acid [1].
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ln Vivo |
Faster glucose absorption in the body is facilitated by palmitoleic acid and is linked to increased insulin concentrations. AMPK phosphorylation is increased, glucokinase is upregulated, and SREBP-1 is downregulated by palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid can boost the expression of PPARα and increase the production of FGF-21 for AMPK downstream [2]. Increased insulin sensitivity, decreased weight gain, and improved incidence of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia are all benefits of palmitoleic acid. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (SREBP-1, FAS, and SCD-1) in the liver and pro-inflammatory adipocytokine genes (TNFα and resistin) in white adipose tissue is downregulated by palmitoleic acid [3].
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References |
[1]. Frigolet ME, et al. The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease.
[2]. de Souza CO, et al. Palmitoleic Acid Improves Metabolic Functions in Fatty Liver by PPARα-Dependent AMPK Activation. J Cell Physiol. 2016 Dec 7. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25715. [3]. Yang ZH, et al. Chronic administration of palmitoleic acid reduces insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in KK-Ay Mice with genetic type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Jul 21;10:120 |
Molecular Formula |
C₁₆H₃₀O₂
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Molecular Weight |
254.41
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CAS # |
10030-73-6
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Related CAS # |
Palmitelaidic acid-d13;2692623-91-7
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SMILES |
CCCCCC/C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O
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Synonyms |
9-trans-Hexadecenoic acid trans-Palmitoleic acid
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
Ethanol : ~100 mg/mL (~393.07 mM)
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 :Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 3.9307 mL | 19.6533 mL | 39.3066 mL | |
5 mM | 0.7861 mL | 3.9307 mL | 7.8613 mL | |
10 mM | 0.3931 mL | 1.9653 mL | 3.9307 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.