| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| 250mg | |||
| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Naphthoquine targets the heme detoxification pathway in Plasmodium parasites. It accumulates in the parasite's digestive vacuole and inhibits the polymerization of toxic heme into hemozoin, leading to the accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasite. It may also interfere with other parasite enzymes.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, naphthoquine shows potent activity against various strains of Plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine-resistant strains. It has IC50 values in the nanomolar range. It also shows activity against Plasmodium vivax and other malaria parasites.
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| ln Vivo |
The monkeys (treated with Plasmodium knowlesi) are given 6 or 10 mg/kg of naphthoquine phosphate once a day for three days, respectively. The parasite reduction rate is greater than 90% 24 hours after the administration of naphthoquine phosphate[2].
In vivo, naphthoquine has been shown to be effective in animal models of malaria, including mice infected with Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium yoelii. It reduces parasitemia and improves survival. In humans, naphthoquine has been used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro antimalarial assays are performed using synchronized P. falciparum cultures in human red blood cells. Various concentrations of naphthoquine are added, and parasite growth is assessed by measuring [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation or by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears. IC50 values are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
P. falciparum cultures are maintained in human erythrocytes using standard malaria culture techniques. Parasites are synchronized with sorbitol. Naphthoquine phosphate is dissolved in DMSO or culture medium and added to parasite cultures at various concentrations. After 48-72 hours, parasite growth is assessed by measuring [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation or by microscopic examination.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal models include mice infected with P. berghei or P. yoelii. Naphthoquine phosphate is administered orally or intraperitoneally at various doses. Parasitemia is monitored by microscopic examination of thin blood smears. Survival is recorded. The ED50 and ED90 are calculated from dose-response data.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Naphthoquine phosphate is a long-acting antimalarial with a half-life of several days. It is well absorbed after oral administration and has good tissue distribution. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in bile and urine. Dose adjustment may be required in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Naphthoquine phosphate has shown a favorable safety profile in clinical studies. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and headache. Rare but serious adverse effects include hepatotoxicity and QT prolongation. It is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment or known hypersensitivity.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Naphthoquine phosphate is an approved antimalarial drug in some countries. It is used in combination with other antimalarials (e.g., artemisinin derivatives) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. It has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of malaria and is available in some regions. It is marketed under various brand names.
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| Molecular Formula |
C24H34CLN3O9P2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
605.9
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| Exact Mass |
605.145
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| CAS # |
173531-58-3
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| PubChem CID |
9851774
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
4.711
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
39
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| Complexity |
589
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
ClC1=CC=C(C(NC2=C(CCCC3)C3=C(O)C(CNC(C)(C)C)=C2)=CC=N4)C4=C1.O=P(O)(O)O.O=P(O)(O)O
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| InChi Key |
QTYPWHKJEDCDNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H28ClN3O.2H3O4P/c1-24(2,3)27-14-15-12-22(17-6-4-5-7-18(17)23(15)29)28-20-10-11-26-21-13-16(25)8-9-19(20)21;2*1-5(2,3)4/h8-13,27,29H,4-7,14H2,1-3H3,(H,26,28);2*(H3,1,2,3,4)
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| Chemical Name |
2-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol;phosphoric acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~3.33 mg/mL (~5.50 mM)
DMSO : ~1 mg/mL (~1.65 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.6504 mL | 8.2522 mL | 16.5044 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3301 mL | 1.6504 mL | 3.3009 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1650 mL | 0.8252 mL | 1.6504 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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