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| Targets |
Mycophenolic acid D3 targets inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), specifically the type II isoform that is predominantly expressed in activated lymphocytes. IMPDH catalyzes the conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine monophosphate (XMP), the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. By inhibiting IMPDH, mycophenolic acid depletes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) pools, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis in proliferating lymphocytes. Unlike other cell types, lymphocytes rely primarily on the de novo pathway for purine synthesis and are therefore selectively sensitive to IMPDH inhibition. Mycophenolic acid exhibits high selectivity for IMPDH type II (Ki ~10 nM) over type I.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, mycophenolic acid (parent compound) potently inhibits IMPDH with an IC₅0 in the nanomolar range (approximately 10-50 nM). The compound suppresses lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogenic stimuli such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A), with IC₅0 values of 0.1-1 microM. It inhibits both T-cell and B-cell proliferation, as well as antibody production and cytotoxic T-cell generation. The compound also exhibits antiviral activity against several viruses including hepatitis B and C, by depleting GTP pools required for viral RNA synthesis. The deuterated D3 form is expected to exhibit identical in vitro activity to the parent compound, making it suitable as an internal standard.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, mycophenolic acid (parent compound) is a potent immunosuppressant used clinically to prevent allograft rejection in renal, cardiac, and hepatic transplantation. The compound is administered as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium to enhance oral bioavailability. Mycophenolic acid effectively suppresses T- and B-cell proliferation, reduces antibody production, and decreases graft-infiltrating lymphocytes. It has also shown efficacy in autoimmune diseases including lupus nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The deuterated D3 form serves as an analytical internal standard for therapeutic drug monitoring, ensuring accurate quantification of mycophenolic acid levels in patient samples.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for mycophenolic acid involve measuring IMPDH activity using purified recombinant enzyme or cell lysates. The assay typically contains IMPDH, inosine monophosphate (IMP) substrate, NAD+ cofactor, and varying concentrations of mycophenolic acid in reaction buffer. After incubation at 37degC for 30-60 minutes, the reaction is stopped by acidification. The product xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) or the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is quantified spectrophotometrically at 340 nm or by HPLC. IC₅0 values are determined from dose-response curves. For binding studies, surface plasmon resonance or isothermal titration calorimetry can be used to determine the dissociation constant (Kd).
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for mycophenolic acid are performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified T- and B-lymphocytes isolated from whole blood. Cells are cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well plates. Lymphocyte proliferation is stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 5-10 microg/mL) for T-cells, or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for B-cells. Cells are treated with serial dilutions of mycophenolic acid (0.01-100 microM) for 48-72 hours. Proliferation is measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation during the last 6-18 hours of culture, followed by scintillation counting. Alternatively, the MTT or CellTiter-Glo assay can be used. IC₅0 values for inhibition of proliferation are calculated.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for mycophenolic acid are conducted in rodent models of transplantation (e.g., heart, kidney, or skin allografts) and autoimmune diseases. For transplantation models, recipient mice or rats receive allografts from donor animals and are treated with mycophenolate mofetil (the prodrug) at doses of 20-100 mg/kg/day via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection. Graft survival is monitored daily, and histopathological analysis is performed to assess rejection. In autoimmune models (e.g., lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice, collagen-induced arthritis), the compound is administered for 2-8 weeks. Disease severity is evaluated by clinical scoring, histology, and serum autoantibody levels. Pharmacokinetic studies using the D3 internal standard allow accurate drug level measurement.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Mycophenolic acid D3 (CAS#: 1185242-90-3) has molecular formula C1₇H1₇D3O₆ and molecular weight 323.36. The parent compound mycophenolic acid is a white to off-white solid with molecular weight 320.34. It is soluble in DMSO, ethanol, and methanol but has limited aqueous solubility. Mycophenolic acid is extensively protein-bound (>97%) and undergoes enterohepatic recirculation. The elimination half-life in humans is approximately 8-16 hours. The D3 internal standard is used for quantification of mycophenolic acid in plasma, serum, and tissue samples by LC-MS/MS for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological information for mycophenolic acid: The compound is classified as a teratogen and should not be used during pregnancy. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting), myelosuppression (leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia), and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use is associated with an increased risk of lymphoma and other malignancies. The compound is a hazardous substance and should be handled with appropriate precautions in a fume hood using personal protective equipment. The deuterated D3 form is intended for research use only and should be stored at -20degC, protected from light and moisture.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Mycophenolic acid D3 (CAS#: 1185242-90-3) is a deuterium-labeled internal standard for mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant used to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplantation. Mycophenolic acid was first isolated from Penicillium brevi-compactum and related fungal species. The compound is available as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (Myfortic). The mechanism of action involves reversible, non-competitive inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), selectively depleting guanine nucleotides in lymphocytes. The D3 analog is widely used in LC-MS/MS methods for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in transplant patients, ensuring optimal dosing and minimizing toxicity. For research use only, not for human therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C17H17D3O6
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| Molecular Weight |
323.3556
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| Exact Mass |
323.145
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| CAS # |
1185242-90-3
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| Related CAS # |
Mycophenolic acid;24280-93-1
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| PubChem CID |
45039976
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Melting Point |
132-134°C
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| Flash Point |
2℃
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| LogP |
2.733
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
486
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[2H]C([2H])([2H])OC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1C)COC2=O)O)C/C=C(\C)/CCC(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
HPNSFSBZBAHARI-HZIIEIAOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H20O6/c1-9(5-7-13(18)19)4-6-11-15(20)14-12(8-23-17(14)21)10(2)16(11)22-3/h4,20H,5-8H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19)/b9-4+/i3D3
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| Chemical Name |
(E)-6-[4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-6-(trideuteriomethoxy)-1H-2-benzofuran-5-yl]-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid
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| Synonyms |
Mycophenolic Acid-d3
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~309.25 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0925 mL | 15.4626 mL | 30.9253 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6185 mL | 3.0925 mL | 6.1851 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3093 mL | 1.5463 mL | 3.0925 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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