Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Nine male and 9 female Hubbard adult broiler breeders were used to study tissue residues of gentian violet, each bird was given (14)C-gentian violet orally. T/2 of radioactivity from (14)C-gentian violet in blood differed between sexes (1.43 hr and 1.68 hr for males and females, respectively). At 8 hr after administration only 1 bird had detectable amt of radioactivity in muscle. Detectable levels of radioactivity were found in liver at 120 hr after dosing and in kidney at 432 hr after dosing. All eggs collected during 1St 144 hr contained very low but detectable levels of radioactivity.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Gentian violet is shown to undergo a one-electron reduction by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system to produce a carbon-centered free radical as demonstrated by direct electron spin resonance techniques.

Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 420 mg/kg
LD50 Rat ip 17 mg/kg for both young and adult rats.
LD50 Rat intraperitoneal 8900 ug/kg
LD50 Mouse oral 96 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse intraperitoneal 5100 ug/kg

[1].The response of selected members of the archaea to the gram stain. Microbiology, 1996. 142 ( Pt 10): p. 2887-95.

[2].Curr Protoc Microbiol, 2005. Appendix 3: p. Appendix 3C.

[3].Statins potentiate cytostatic/cytotoxic activity of sorafenib but not sunitinib against tumor cell lines in vitro. Cancer Lett, 2010. 288(1): p. 57-67.

Gentian Violet can cause cancer according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.
Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride is a green to dark green powder. (NTP, 1992)
Crystal violet is an organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain. It has a role as a histological dye, an antiseptic drug, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent and an anthelminthic drug. It contains a crystal violet cation.
Gentian Violet is a blue, aniline-derived dye with antifungal and antimitotic properties. Gentian violet (GV) dissociates into positive (GV+) and negative ions (Cl-) that penetrate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells. The GV+ ions interact with negatively charged components of the bacterial cell wall including lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and DNA. This agent is also a mutagen and mitotic poison. GV elicits a photodynamic action mediated by a free-radical mechanism. Furthermore, this agent dissipates the action potential on prokaryotic or eukaryotic membranes by inducing permeability, thereby leading to respiratory inhibition and subsequent cell death.
A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
See also: Gentian violet cation (has active moiety); Brilliant green; cod liver oil; gentian violet (component of); Acriflavine; Gentian Violet; Sodium Propionate (component of) ... View More ...

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Therapeutic Uses
Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antinematodal Agents; Rosaniline Dyes
Gentian violet has been used in medicine for almost 100 years: as an antiseptic for external use, as an antihelminthic agent by oral administration, and more recently, as a blood additive to prevent transmission of Chagas' disease. ...
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY: Anti-infective (topical). Has been used as anthelmintic (Nematodes), Blood additive to prevent transmission of Chagas disease by blood transfusion
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY (VET): Anti-infective (topical); mycostatic agent in poultry feed
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Gentian Violet (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
Permanent pigmentation of the skin can result from contact of gentian violet with granulation tissue, & the dye should not be applied to ulcerative lesions of the face. The staining properties are a distinct disadvantage.
Oral ulceration developed in 6 neonates who were treated for oral candidiasis with gentian (crystal) violet. A 0.5 or 1% aq soln was used and applications were made twice daily.

C25H30CLN3

407.9788

407.212

548-62-9

11057

Light green to green solid powder

1.19 g/cm3 (20ºC)

215ºC

40ºC

1.463

0

3

4

29

542

0

ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C25H30N3.ClH/c1-26(2)22-13-7-19(8-14-22)25(20-9-15-23(16-10-20)27(3)4)21-11-17-24(18-12-21)28(5)6;/h7-18H,1-6H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

[4-[bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~245.11 mM)
H2O : ~5 mg/mL (~12.26 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)