Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
This study investigated tissue residues of gentian violet using nine male and nine female Hubbard adult broiler breeders. Each broiler was orally administered 14C-labeled gentian violet. The half-life (T_1/2) of 14C-labeled gentian violet in blood differed between males and females (1.43 hours and 1.68 hours, respectively). Radioactivity was detected in the muscle of only one broiler eight hours after administration. Radioactivity was detected in the liver 120 hours after administration and in the kidneys 432 hours after administration. All eggs collected within the first 144 hours contained very low but detectable radioactivity. Metabolism/Metabolites Direct electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that gentian violet undergoes single-electron reduction in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, generating a carbon-centered radical.

Non-Human Toxicity Values
Oral LD50 in rats: 420 mg/kg
Intraperitoneal LD50 in rats: 17 mg/kg for both juvenile and adult rats
Intraperitoneal LD50 in rats: 8900 μg/kg
Oral LD50 in mice: 96 mg/kg
Intraperitoneal LD50 in mice: 5100 μg/kg

[1].The response of selected members of the archaea to the gram stain. Microbiology, 1996. 142 ( Pt 10): p. 2887-95.

[2].Curr Protoc Microbiol, 2005. Appendix 3: p. Appendix 3C.

[3].Statins potentiate cytostatic/cytotoxic activity of sorafenib but not sunitinib against tumor cell lines in vitro. Cancer Lett, 2010. 288(1): p. 57-67.

According to an independent committee of scientific and health experts, gentian violet may be carcinogenic. Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride is a green to dark green powder. (NTP, 1992) Crystal violet is an organochloride, a monochloride of the crystal violet cation. It was once used in creams for topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (especially Staphylococcus) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida), but its use declined after reports of carcinogenicity in animals. It was also used for staining wood, silk, and paper, as well as for histological staining. It can be used as a histological dye, preservative, antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, and insect repellent. It contains the crystal violet cation. Gentian violet is a blue aniline derivative dye with antifungal and antimitotic properties. Gentian violet (GV) can dissociate into positive ions (GV+) and negative ions (Cl-), which can penetrate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells. GV+ ions interact with negatively charged components of the bacterial cell wall, including lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and DNA. This substance is also a mutagen and mitotic toxin. GV induces photodynamic activity through a free radical mechanism. Furthermore, this agent dissipates action potentials on prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membranes by inducing membrane permeability, leading to respiratory depression and subsequent cell death.
A mixture of violet dyes with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
See also: Gentian Violet Cationic (containing the active moiety); Brilliant Green; Cod Liver Oil; Gentian Violet (component); Acridine Yellow; Gentian Violet; Sodium Propionate (component)...See more...

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Therapeutic Uses
Topical anti-infective; anti-nematode; Rosaniline dye
Gentian violet has been used in medicine for nearly a century: as a topical disinfectant, an oral anthelmintic, and in recent years as a blood additive to prevent the spread of Chagas disease. ...
Therapeutic Category: Anti-infective (Topical). It has been used as an anthelmintic (for nematodes) and a blood additive to prevent the transmission of Chagas disease through blood transfusions.
Therapeutic Classification (Veterinary): Anti-infective (topical); antimicrobial agent in poultry feed.
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of gentian violet (7 types in total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Drug Warnings
Contact with granulation tissue can cause permanent pigmentation of the skin. This dye should not be used on ulcerative lesions of the face. Its staining properties are a significant drawback.
Six newborns developed oral ulcers after treatment with gentian violet (crystal violet) for oral candidiasis.Use a 0.5% or 1% aqueous solution twice daily.

C25H30CLN3

407.9788

407.212

548-62-9

11057

Light green to green solid powder

1.19 g/cm3 (20ºC)

215ºC

40ºC

1.463

0

3

4

29

542

0

ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C25H30N3.ClH/c1-26(2)22-13-7-19(8-14-22)25(20-9-15-23(16-10-20)27(3)4)21-11-17-24(18-12-21)28(5)6;/h7-18H,1-6H3;1H/q+1;/p-1

[4-[bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~245.11 mM)
H2O : ~5 mg/mL (~12.26 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)