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| Targets |
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon targets the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor, which is expressed on gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It acts as an agonist at this receptor, stimulating the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These gonadotropins, in turn, regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries and testes), controlling gametogenesis and steroid hormone production. Salmon GnRH is a potent stimulator of the reproductive axis.
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| ln Vitro |
One important hormone in regulating reproductive function is luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). LHRH stimulates the intracellular Gi-cAMP signaling pathway, which functions as an antimitotic agent. Melanoma cell growth and metastatic activity may be inhibited by LHRH [1]. By inducing the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the hypothalamic decapeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) plays a crucial role in controlling reproduction by enhancing gonadal function and sex steroid secretion. The high-affinity G protein-coupled LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) on pituitary gonadotropins mediates the actions of LHRH. The dosage and amount given to the gonadotropin cells determine how the body reacts to LHRH, which varies depending on the situation [2].
In vitro studies have characterized Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon as a potent stimulator of gonadotropin release. The peptide binds to the GnRH receptor on pituitary gonadotrope cells and activates downstream signaling pathways, leading to the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH. Its activity has been confirmed in various in vitro systems using primary pituitary cell cultures or cell lines expressing the GnRH receptor. Salmon GnRH is a valuable tool for studying GnRH receptor function and gonadotropin regulation. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon stimulates the release of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary, thereby regulating reproductive functions. It has been used to study the effect of LHRH in the brain of various species during reproduction. The peptide's in vivo effects are dose-dependent and can be modulated by the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses. It is used as a research tool to study the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and to develop therapeutic agents for reproductive disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro binding assay for Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon involves measuring the interaction of the peptide with the GnRH receptor. Competitive binding studies are performed using membrane preparations from cells expressing the GnRH receptor and a radiolabeled GnRH ligand. Varying concentrations of salmon LH-RH are incubated with the receptor and the labeled ligand. The displacement of the ligand is measured, and binding affinity is determined. Functional assays measuring LH or FSH release from pituitary cells in response to peptide treatment can also be performed.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon are conducted using primary pituitary cell cultures or cell lines expressing the GnRH receptor (e.g., LbetaT2 cells). Cells are treated with varying concentrations of salmon LH-RH. Gonadotropin release (LH and FSH) is measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay. Receptor activation is assessed by measuring downstream signaling, such as calcium mobilization or MAPK activation. The peptide's potency and efficacy are determined from dose-response curves. All experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon are performed in various animal models to study reproductive function. The peptide is administered via intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracerebroventricular routes. Blood samples are collected to measure LH and FSH levels by ELISA or radioimmunoassay. The effects on reproductive parameters, such as ovulation, spermatogenesis, or sexual behavior, are assessed. The peptide has been used in studies of the brain of Podarcis sicula sicula during reproduction. Standard study designs with appropriate control groups are employed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon are not extensively reported. The peptide has a molecular weight of 1212.31 g/mol and a molecular formula of C60H73N15O13. As a peptide, it would be susceptible to rapid proteolytic degradation and would have poor oral bioavailability. It is typically administered via injection for in vivo studies. Specific pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life and tissue distribution are not provided in the available sources. The compound is for research use only.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology data for Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon are not extensively reported. As a peptide hormone, its effects are primarily related to its mechanism of action on the reproductive axis. High doses could potentially lead to dysregulation of reproductive function. The compound has been used in research settings without significant toxicity reported. Specific toxicity data, including LD50 values and organ toxicity profiles, are not available. The compound is for research use only.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon (salmon GnRH) is a hypophysiotropic decapeptide that stimulates the release of gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary, regulating reproductive functions. It has a molecular formula of C60H73N15O13 and a molecular weight of 1212.31 g/mol. The peptide is used as a research tool for studying reproductive endocrinology and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C60H73N15O13
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| Molecular Weight |
1212.31432
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| Exact Mass |
1211.55
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| CAS # |
86073-88-3
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| PubChem CID |
16130967
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
2.377
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
15
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
14
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
29
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| Heavy Atom Count |
88
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| Complexity |
2480
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
CC(C)C[C@@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CNC6=CC=CC=C65)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CN=CN7)NC(=O)[C@@H]8CCC(=O)N8
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| InChi Key |
NMJREATYWWNIKX-XJIZABAQSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C60H73N15O13/c1-32(2)20-47(60(88)75-19-7-12-49(75)59(87)65-28-50(61)78)73-55(83)44(22-34-25-63-40-10-5-3-8-38(34)40)69-52(80)29-66-53(81)43(21-33-13-15-37(77)16-14-33)70-58(86)48(30-76)74-56(84)45(23-35-26-64-41-11-6-4-9-39(35)41)71-57(85)46(24-36-27-62-31-67-36)72-54(82)42-17-18-51(79)68-42/h3-6,8-11,13-16,25-27,31-32,42-49,63-64,76-77H,7,12,17-24,28-30H2,1-2H3,(H2,61,78)(H,62,67)(H,65,87)(H,66,81)(H,68,79)(H,69,80)(H,70,86)(H,71,85)(H,72,82)(H,73,83)(H,74,84)/t42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48-,49-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.8249 mL | 4.1244 mL | 8.2487 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1650 mL | 0.8249 mL | 1.6497 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0825 mL | 0.4124 mL | 0.8249 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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