| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 1g | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Levovirin does not have a direct antiviral target like viral polymerase. Instead, its mechanism of action is immunomodulatory. It works by inducing the secretion of type 1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-2, from human T cells. This shifts the immune response towards a Th1 phenotype, which is more effective at clearing viral infections. By modulating the host immune system rather than directly inhibiting viral replication, levovirin offers a distinct mechanism of action from its parent compound, ribavirin.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, levovirin demonstrates potent type 1 cytokine-inducing activity. It activates human T cells to secrete type 1 cytokines, an activity that is comparable to that of ribavirin. It does not have direct antiviral activity, meaning it does not directly inhibit viral replication in cell culture. Instead, its in vitro activity is measured by its ability to induce cytokine production from immune cells. This immunomodulatory activity forms the basis for its potential therapeutic effects.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, levovirin has been studied for the treatment of hepatitis C and other viral infections. Its immunomodulatory activity is expected to enhance the host's immune response against the virus. Unlike ribavirin, levovirin is not associated with hemolytic anemia, a significant side effect that limits the use of ribavirin. This improved safety profile makes levovirin a more attractive candidate for combination therapies in chronic viral infections.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for levovirin are not typical, as its mechanism is immunomodulatory rather than direct enzyme inhibition. However, receptor binding studies could be performed to assess its interaction with immune cell receptors. The compound's activity is primarily assessed in cell-based assays measuring cytokine production.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for levovirin are performed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated T cells. The cells are cultured and treated with levovirin at various concentrations. After a defined incubation period, the levels of type 1 cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-2) in the culture supernatant are measured using ELISA. The compound's ability to induce cytokine production is quantified, and an EC50 value is determined. These assays confirm the compound's immunomodulatory activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal models for levovirin would typically involve viral challenge models in mice or other species. Animals would be infected with a virus and then treated with levovirin. The compound's efficacy would be assessed by measuring viral load, survival rates, and immune cell activation markers. These studies are crucial for evaluating the therapeutic potential of the compound in a living system. Detailed protocols are not provided in the search results.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Levovirin has a molecular weight of 244.2 g/mol and a molecular formula of C8H12N4O5. It has a purity of 99.01% to >99.99%. As a nucleoside analog, it is likely to be water-soluble. Detailed PK parameters such as half-life and bioavailability are not provided in the search results.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Levovirin is noted for its reduced toxicity compared to ribavirin. It does not cause hemolytic anemia, which is a major dose-limiting side effect of ribavirin. This favorable safety profile makes it a promising candidate in antiviral therapies. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human consumption in a research context.
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| References |
:J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 May;45(5):578-88.
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| Additional Infomation |
Drug Indication
This drug has been studied for the treatment of hepatitis (viral, hepatitis C). Levovirin is the L-enantiomer of ribavirin. It is a novel and potent monocyclic L-nucleoside with antiviral and type 1 cytokine-inducing activity. It has similar immunomodulatory activity to ribavirin but lacks its direct antiviral activity and hemolytic anemia side effect. It has been studied for the treatment of hepatitis C and is also known as ICN-17261 and L-Ribavirin. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H12N4O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
244.2
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| Exact Mass |
244.081
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| CAS # |
206269-27-4
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| PubChem CID |
460516
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Vapour Pressure |
3.03E-17mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
-1.8
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
304
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
OC[C@@H]1O[C@H](N2C=NC(C(=O)N)=N2)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
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| InChi Key |
IWUCXVSUMQZMFG-RGDLXGNYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H12N4O5/c9-6(16)7-10-2-12(11-7)8-5(15)4(14)3(1-13)17-8/h2-5,8,13-15H,1H2,(H2,9,16)/t3-,4-,5-,8-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide
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| Synonyms |
ICN17261 L-Ribavirin Levovirin
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0950 mL | 20.4750 mL | 40.9500 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8190 mL | 4.0950 mL | 8.1900 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4095 mL | 2.0475 mL | 4.0950 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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