Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
80% Metabolism/Metabolites Liver Biological Half-Life 20 hours

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation
Based on its physicochemical properties and ocular route of administration, zobuprofen appears to pose a low risk to breastfed infants. Some guidelines indicate that gel formulations are preferred over solution formulations. After using eye drops, to significantly reduce the amount of medication entering breast milk, press the tear duct at the corner of the eye for at least 1 minute, then blot away any excess medication with absorbent paper. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
A study of mothers taking beta-blockers while breastfeeding found a numerically increased number of adverse events in mothers taking any beta-blocker, but this was not statistically significant. Although the infants were age-matched to control infants, the age of affected infants was not specified. None of the mothers were taking zobuprofen. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
As of the revision date, no published information was found regarding the effects of beta-blockers or zobuprofen during normal breastfeeding. A study of six patients with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea found that serum prolactin levels did not change after β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol.

[1]. Injectable drug depot engineered to release multiple ophthalmic therapeutic agents with precise time profiles for postoperative treatment following ocular surgery. Acta Biomater. 2018 Jun;73:90-102.

[2]. Extended levobunolol release from Eudragit nanoparticle-laden contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. Futur J Pharm Sci 6, 109 (2020).

[3]. Superior oblique myokymia treated with levobunolol. J AAPOS. 2018 Feb;22(1):67-69.e2.

Levobunolol is a cyclic ketone with the structure 3,4-dihydronaphthyl-1-one, substituted at position 5 with 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy (S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist (in its hydrochloride form) used to treat glaucoma. It is both an anti-glaucoma drug and a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a propanolamine, cyclic ketone, and aromatic ether. It is the conjugate acid of Levobunolol (1+). It is derived from the hydride of tetrahydronaphthyl.
A non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat glaucoma.
Levobunolol is a β-adrenergic blocker. The mechanism of action of Levobunolol is as a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Levobunolol is a naphthone-type non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist with anti-glaucoma activity. After instillation, levobenolol blocks β-adrenergic receptors, thereby causing vasoconstriction. Levobunolol also reduces the production of aqueous humor in the ciliary body, thus decreasing the amount of aqueous humor.
Levobunolol isoform.
See also: Levobunolol hydrochloride (salt form).

---

Drug Indications
For the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), it can be used to treat patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or high intraocular pressure.
FDA Label

---

Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of levobenolol in reducing intraocular pressure is not fully understood, but it is believed to reduce aqueous humor production by blocking the increase in intraocular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration stimulated by endogenous catecholamines.

---

Pharmacodynamics
Levobunolol is an ophthalmic β-receptor blocker that is effective against both β(1)- and β2 receptors. Levobunolol acts on the β2 receptor site. Regardless of whether a patient has glaucoma, levobenolol can lower intraocular pressure (IOP) to normal or normal levels. In patients with elevated IOP, levobenolol can reduce mean IOP by approximately 25-40% from baseline. Because this drug is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker, topical application to the eye can produce systemic pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. These effects include pulmonary adverse reactions (such as bronchoconstriction and increased airway resistance) as well as decreased blood pressure and heart rate.

C17H25NO3

291.3853

291.183

47141-42-4

Levobunolol hydrochloride;27912-14-7

39468

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

205 - 210ºC

2.724

2

4

6

21

350

1

CC(C)(C)NC[C@@H](COC1=CC=CC2=C1CCCC2=O)O

IXHBTMCLRNMKHZ-LBPRGKRZSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H25NO3/c1-17(2,3)18-10-12(19)11-21-16-9-5-6-13-14(16)7-4-8-15(13)20/h5-6,9,12,18-19H,4,7-8,10-11H2,1-3H3/t12-/m0/s1

5-[(2S)-3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

---

Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

---

Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

---

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)