| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg | |||
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| Targets |
The primary molecular targets of Ledol include xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism and uric acid production. Ledol has been shown to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity, which may contribute to its potential use in reducing uric acid levels and managing conditions such as gout. In addition to xanthine oxidase, Ledol exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. The compound may also inhibit the activation of NF-κB, a key transcription factor involved in the inflammatory response, leading to a downstream reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ledol's anti-inflammatory activity is thought to be mediated through the inhibition of these key inflammatory pathways. The compound's ability to modulate multiple targets contributes to its diverse pharmacological effects.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Ledol demonstrates xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant effects. The compound reduces oxidative stress markers in cell-free systems, as measured by its ability to scavenge free radicals such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). Ledol also inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell-based models of oxidative stress. In addition to its antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, Ledol has been shown to have antifungal properties against various fungal strains. The compound's in vitro activities are consistent with its traditional use as an expectorant and antitussive agent.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Ledol exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, and antinociceptive effects. The compound is orally active and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to that of standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as piroxicam and ketoprofen in animal models. In the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model, Ledol-rich essential oil significantly reduces paw swelling, indicating potent anti-inflammatory activity. The compound also exhibits antitussive activity in cough models, reducing the frequency of cough episodes. Its expectorant properties are attributed to its ability to increase respiratory tract fluid secretion and facilitate mucus clearance. In addition, Ledol has shown antinociceptive effects in pain models, such as the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot plate test. These in vivo findings support the traditional use of Ledol-containing plants for respiratory and inflammatory conditions.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The non-cellular assay for xanthine oxidase inhibition involves incubating xanthine oxidase enzyme with xanthine or hypoxanthine as substrate in the presence of varying concentrations of Ledol. The reaction is carried out in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 at 25°C. Uric acid production, which is the enzymatic product of xanthine oxidation, is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 290 nm. The inhibition of uric acid formation by Ledol is calculated as a percentage of the control reaction (without inhibitor). The IC50 value is determined from concentration-response curves by nonlinear regression analysis. Allopurinol, a known xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is used as a positive control. In antioxidant assays, Ledol is tested for its ability to scavenge DPPH or ABTS free radicals. The compound is incubated with the radical solution, and the decrease in absorbance is measured at the appropriate wavelength. The percentage of radical scavenging activity is calculated, and the IC50 is determined.
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| Cell Assay |
The cellular assay for Ledol involves testing its antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity in cell-based models. For antioxidant activity, cultured cells (such as macrophages or fibroblasts) are pre-treated with Ledol at various concentrations, followed by exposure to an oxidative stress inducer such as hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA, and the reduction in ROS production by Ledol is quantified. For anti-inflammatory activity, cells are stimulated with LPS to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Ledol is added prior to or concurrently with LPS stimulation, and cytokine levels in the culture supernatant are measured by ELISA. The inhibition of NF-κB activation can be assessed by Western blotting for phosphorylated IκBα or by using NF-κB reporter cell lines. Cytotoxicity is evaluated using standard cell viability assays to ensure that the observed effects are not due to non-specific cell toxicity.
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| Animal Protocol |
The in vivo animal studies for Ledol typically use rodent models of inflammation or pain. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, rats are injected with carrageenan into the hind paw to induce acute inflammation, and Ledol is administered orally or intraperitoneally 30-60 minutes prior to the injection. Paw volume is measured using a plethysmometer at various time points (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 hours) after carrageenan injection. The reduction in paw edema compared to vehicle-treated controls indicates anti-inflammatory activity. Piroxicam or indomethacin is used as a positive control. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, mice are injected intraperitoneally with acetic acid to induce abdominal constrictions, and the number of writhes is counted over a defined period. Ledol is administered before the acetic acid injection, and a reduction in writhing indicates antinociceptive activity. In antitussive models, guinea pigs are exposed to an irritant aerosol (such as citric acid or capsaicin), and the number of coughs is recorded. Ledol is administered prior to the challenge, and its ability to reduce cough frequency is assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Ledol is a lipophilic compound that is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and DMSO, but has limited solubility in water. The compound has a molecular weight of 222.37 g/mol and a purity of ≥95% in research-grade preparations. For in vivo studies, Ledol is often formulated as a nanosuspension or in oil-based vehicles to improve its bioavailability and stability. The compound's pharmacokinetic properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are not well-characterized, as it is primarily used as a research tool rather than a therapeutic agent. Its oral bioavailability is presumed to be limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, but it is active when administered orally in appropriate formulations.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Ledol is considered to be toxic at high doses and can cause adverse reactions such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The compound's toxicity is dose-dependent, and its therapeutic window is narrow. In animal studies, high doses of Ledol have been associated with central nervous system effects, including sedation and respiratory depression. The compound is also a skin and eye irritant and should be handled with appropriate personal protective equipment. Ledol is not approved for human therapeutic use and is strictly a research reagent.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ledol is a sesquiterpene compound. It has been reported in Guarea macrophylla, Tetradenia riparia, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: (+)-Ledol (note moved to).
Ledol is a bioactive sesquiterpene with a range of pharmacological activities, including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, expectorant, and antitussive effects. It is a major constituent of the essential oil of Rhododendron tomentosum (Labrador tea) and is responsible for both the therapeutic effects and the adverse reactions associated with the plant. The compound's mechanism of action involves the inhibition of xanthine oxidase, free radical scavenging, and modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Ledol continues to be studied as a lead compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Its unique pharmacological profile and natural product origin make it a valuable tool for drug discovery research. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H26O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
222.372
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| Exact Mass |
222.198
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| CAS # |
577-27-5
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| PubChem CID |
92812
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
3.465
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
309
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
6
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]1[C@H]3[C@H](C3(C)C)CC[C@@]2(C)O
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| InChi Key |
AYXPYQRXGNDJFU-AOWZIMASSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H26O/c1-9-5-6-10-12(9)13-11(14(13,2)3)7-8-15(10,4)16/h9-13,16H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-,10+,11-,12-,13-,15-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1aR,4R,4aS,7R,7aS,7bS)-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[e]azulen-4-ol
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| Synonyms |
(+)-Ledol; Ledol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMF : 100 mg/mL (~449.70 mM)
DMSO : ~12.5 mg/mL (~56.21 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4970 mL | 22.4850 mL | 44.9701 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8994 mL | 4.4970 mL | 8.9940 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4497 mL | 2.2485 mL | 4.4970 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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