| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| Targets |
L-Homocystine targets enzymes such as S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase and 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate–homocysteine methyltransferase. It is the oxidized member of L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor, and endoplasmic reticulum-stress inducer. It is used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms. L-Homocystine can stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, L-Homocystine induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in endothelial cells, contributing to vascular damage. It is used to study hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. The compound is the oxidized member of L-homocysteine. Its effects on oxidative stress and vascular function have been characterized in various in vitro systems.
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| ln Vivo |
A single dosage of VPA given on GD 8 can exacerbate the developmental abnormalities in mice given one or more doses of L-homocystine during organogenesis. VPA has little direct effect on homocysteine concentrations, although it dramatically reduces plasma FA and vitamin B12 concentrations. Thus, it is hypothesized that elevated homocysteine disrupts the metabolism of FA, vitamin B12, and maybe methionine, creating an environment that is conducive to VPA interfering with the development of vulnerable embryos[1].
In vivo, L-Homocystine is used to investigate hyperhomocysteinemia mechanisms. A single or multiple doses of L-Homocystine administered to mice during organogenesis can aggravate developmental disturbances. Elevated homocysteine levels are linked to neuronal damage through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation. The compound is used in studies of cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for L-Homocystine involve measuring its effects on enzymes such as S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase and 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate–homocysteine methyltransferase. Enzyme activity is assessed using appropriate substrates. Oxidative stress is measured by assessing lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species production in endothelial cells. Assays are performed in appropriate buffer systems with positive controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for L-Homocystine are conducted in endothelial cells and other relevant cell types. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with the compound at varying concentrations. Oxidative stress is assessed by measuring ROS levels and lipid peroxidation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity is measured. Cell viability is assessed by standard assays. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate positive and negative controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
L-Homocystine in vivo studies are conducted in animal models of hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease. Animals are treated with L-Homocystine via oral administration or injection. Homocysteine levels in blood are measured. For developmental studies, animals are treated during organogenesis. For neurodegenerative studies, cognitive function and neuronal damage are assessed. Animals are monitored for clinical signs. Tissues and blood samples are collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
L-Homocystine (MW 268.35 g/mol, C8H16N2O4S2) is the oxidized member of L-homocysteine. It is a thiol-containing amino acid formed by the demethylation of methionine. The compound is soluble in water and other appropriate solvents. It is stable under recommended storage conditions. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution would be determined in species-specific studies. L-Homocystine is used in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative research.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
L-Homocystine is generally well-tolerated as an endogenous metabolite. The compound is the oxidized member of L-homocysteine. No significant adverse effects have been reported in the available literature at research-use concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only. Standard laboratory safety practices should be employed when handling this compound. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation would be required for therapeutic development.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L,L-homocysteine is a homocysteine with both chiral centers in the L configuration. Functionally, it is related to L-homocysteine. It is the zwitterion tautomer of L,L-homocysteine.
L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of L-homocysteine, a thiol-containing amino acid formed by methionine demethylation. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor, and ER-stress inducer. L-Homocystine induces endothelial oxidative stress and is used to study hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease. Its molecular formula is C8H16N2O4S2 with a molecular weight of 268.35 g/mol. All applications are limited to non-human research use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H16N2O4S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
268.3536
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| Exact Mass |
268.055
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| CAS # |
626-72-2
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| Related CAS # |
L-Homocystine-d8; 182755-41-5; L-Homocystine; 626-72-2
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| PubChem CID |
439579
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
507.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
281-284ºC (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
260.8±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.619
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| Source |
Endogenously produced metabolite
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| LogP |
1.03
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
216
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
C(CSSCC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
ZTVZLYBCZNMWCF-WDSKDSINSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H16N2O4S2/c9-5(7(11)12)1-3-15-16-4-2-6(10)8(13)14/h5-6H,1-4,9-10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)/t5-,6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-4-[[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]disulfanyl]butanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~1.67 mg/mL (~6.22 mM)
DMSO : ~1 mg/mL (~3.73 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7265 mL | 18.6324 mL | 37.2648 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7453 mL | 3.7265 mL | 7.4530 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3726 mL | 1.8632 mL | 3.7265 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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