Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorption efficiency depends on the form of the iron salt, the dosage, the administration regimen, and the iron reserve. Subjects with normal iron reserves can absorb 10% to 35% of iron supplements. Individuals with iron deficiency can absorb up to 95% of iron supplements.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Medication Use During Lactation
Vitamin C is a normal component of breast milk and an important antioxidant. It is recommended that breastfeeding women consume 120 mg of vitamin C daily, and infants 6 months and under consume 40 mg daily. High doses of up to 1000 mg daily will increase the vitamin C content in breast milk, but this is insufficient to cause health problems for breastfed infants and is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Breastfeeding women may need to supplement their diet to reach the recommended intake or correct any known vitamin C deficiency. When pregnant women take prenatal vitamins, intake at or near the recommended intake will not change the vitamin C content in breast milk.
For hospitalized mothers of full-term and premature infants, freezing freshly expressed mature breast milk (at -20°C) for at least 3 months will not change the vitamin C content. After freezing (at -20°C) for 6 to 12 months, the vitamin C content will decrease by 15% to 30%. Storing at -80°C preserves vitamin C content for 8 months, with a 15% loss after 12 months.
◉ Effects on breastfed infants
60 healthy lactating women aged 1 to 6 months postpartum, exclusively breastfeeding infants, received either 500 mg of vitamin C and 100 IU of vitamin E once daily for 30 days, or no supplementation. Infants born to mothers receiving supplementation showed elevated urinary antioxidant activity biochemical indicators. No clinical results were reported.
18 preterm infants (7 of whom had a gestational age of less than 32 weeks) fed mixed, pasteurized donor breast milk for the first three days after birth experienced a decrease in mean plasma ascorbic acid concentration from 15.5 mg/L at birth to 5.4 mg/L at 1 week postpartum, and a further decrease to 4.1 mg/L at 3 weeks postpartum. The authors considered the ascorbic acid levels at 1 and 3 weeks to be below therapeutic levels (<6 mg/L), indicating insufficient intake, which may affect postnatal growth and development. Although this study was conducted before advances in methods of providing parenteral nutrition and enteral fortified milk to preterm infants, contemporary research suggests that insufficient vitamin C intake from mixed pasteurized donor milk may be a potential health problem for preterm infants receiving donor milk.
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
No relevant published information found as of the revision date.

[1]. Impact of Deuterium Substitution on the Pharmacokinetics of Pharmaceuticals. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(2):211-216.

[2]. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35.

[3]. Molecular mechanisms of subtype-specific inhibition of neuronal T-type calcium channels by ascorbate. J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 14;27(46):12577-83.

[4]. Sodium L-ascorbate enhances elastic fibers deposition by fibroblasts from normal and pathologic human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2014 Sep;75(3):173-82.

[5]. Hormetic dose response to L-ascorbic acid as an anti-cancer drug in colorectal cancer cell lines according to SVCT-2 expression. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 27;8(1):11372.

[6]. Influence of antioxidant (L- ascorbic acid) on tolbutamide induced hypoglycaemia/antihyperglycaemia in normal and diabetic rats. BMC Endocr Disord. 2005 Mar 3;5(1):2.

It has been reported that peas (Pisum sativum) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae) contain D-erythro-2-hexenoic acid γ-lactone, and relevant data are available. It is a six-carbon compound associated with glucose, naturally found in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in the human diet, crucial for maintaining connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form—vitamin C—acts as a reducing agent and coenzyme in various metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. See also: ascorbate (note moved to); D-ascorbic acid (note moved to); ascorbic acid (note moved to)... See more...

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Drug Indications
For the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

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Mechanism of Action
Iron is essential for hemoglobin production. Iron deficiency leads to reduced hemoglobin production and causes microcytic hypochromic anemia.

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Pharmacodynamics
The main function of iron supplements is to prevent and treat iron-deficiency anemia. Iron also has potential effects in enhancing immunity, fighting cancer, and improving cognitive function.

C6H8O6

176.124122619629

177.035

178101-88-7

L-Ascorbic acid;50-81-7

54676860

White to yellow solid powder

2.0±0.1 g/cm3

1.711

-1.6

4

6

2

12

232

0

CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2

2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2H-furan-5-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)