Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Palmitic acid is a component of most animal fats, sometimes comprising up to 50%. Palmitic acid is typically metabolized through β-oxidation or stored in adipose tissue, as are most alcohol moieties after oxidation to fatty acids. The terminal groups of isomeric alcohols may generate acetone, which is used for excretion or further metabolism. /Palmitic Acid/

Interactions
…Oxaprizine, nimesulide, gliclazide, and ribavirin were selected…to evaluate the enhancing effect of isopropanol palmitate (IP) ethanol solutions (concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, w/w) on the permeation of isolated rat skin, using Franz diffusion cells and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All pretreated solutions significantly increased the flux and permeability of the four permeabilities (p<0.001), and a relationship between the lipophilicity of the permeabilities and the enhancing effect was observed. The efficacy of IP in the order of concentration was 20% > 15% > 10% > 5% (w/w). Except for ribavirin, the lag times of the other drugs did not change significantly. Non-human Toxicity Rabbit dermal LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Rats oral LD50 > 64.0 mL/kg
Mice intraperitoneal LD50 100 mg/kg

[1]. Design and Characterization of Bioactive Bilayer Films: Release Kinetics of Isopropyl Palmitate. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jul 24;9(8):443.

[2]. Pharmaceutical excipients - quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016 May 25;87:88-99.

Isopropyl palmitate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of the carboxyl group of palmitic acid with isopropanol. It is a metabolite observed in cancer metabolism and also plays a role in human metabolism. It is a fatty acid ester and isopropyl ester, functionally related to hexadecanoic acid. Isopropyl palmitate has been reported to be present in tea (Camellia sinensis), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and several other organisms with relevant data. Therapeutic Uses: Some pharmacopoeias recommend membrane filtration for sterility testing of eye ointments. Isopropyl myristate is a fatty acid ester, primarily toxic to Gram-negative microorganisms, and can be used as an ointment solvent. ...Due to the significant advantages of microemulsions, such as improved drug solubility, thermodynamic stability, ease of preparation, and low cost, their uses and applications are very extensive. In recent years, research on microemulsions in transdermal drug delivery has flourished because they can encapsulate hydrophilic drugs (such as 5-fluorouracil, apomorphine hydrochloride, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, tetracaine hydrochloride, and methotrexate) and lipophilic drugs (such as estradiol, finasteride, ketoprofen, meloxicam, felodipine, and tripterygium lactone), enhancing their permeability. …In addition to surfactants, oils can also act as penetration enhancers (such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, etc.). …

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Drug Warning
People prone to acne continue to use cosmetics. …The data presented in this article are from rabbit ear experiments. Although rabbit ear experiments are not ideal animal models, they are the best model we currently have available. If an ingredient is negative in a rabbit ear experiment, we consider it safe for acne-prone skin. Strongly positive ingredients or cosmetics should be avoided. Allergenic ingredients include isopropyl myristate and its analogues, such as isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isostearate, butyl stearate, isostearyl neopentanoate, myristyl myristate, decyl oleate, octyl stearate, octyl palmitate, or isocetyl stearate, as well as newly introduced ingredients in the cosmetics industry, such as propylene glycol-2 (PPG-2) propyl myristate…

C19H38O2

298.51

298.287

142-91-6

8907

Colorless to white <11°C powder,>13°C liquid

0.9±0.1 g/cm3

340.7±10.0 °C at 760 mmHg

11-13 °C(lit.)

162.2±8.8 °C

0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.443

8.49

0

2

16

21

224

0

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(C)C

XUGNVMKQXJXZCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H38O2/c1-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-19(20)21-18(2)3/h18H,4-17H2,1-3H3

propan-2-yl hexadecanoate

AI3-05733; HSDB 2647; Isopropyl palmitate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~335.00 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)