| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| ln Vitro |
- Isoguanine is a non-natural purine base analog that forms a stable base pair with 5-methyl-isocytosine (m5iC). In vitro DNA synthesis assays showed that it can be efficiently incorporated into DNA strands by various DNA polymerases (e.g., Taq polymerase, Klenow fragment) with high fidelity, with an incorporation efficiency comparable to natural guanine. The isoguanine-m5iC base pair exhibits thermal stability similar to natural G-C base pairs (melting temperature analysis by UV spectroscopy) [1]
- Isoguanine did not show significant inhibitory effects on DNA polymerases or other nucleic acid-processing enzymes at concentrations up to 1 mM. It was stably maintained in double-stranded DNA during multiple rounds of in vitro replication, with a mutation rate comparable to natural bases (sequencing analysis) [1] |
|---|---|
| ln Vivo |
- In mice, intraperitoneal injection of Isoguanine (50 mg/kg) resulted in detectable levels in various tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, brain) within 1 hour post-administration, with the highest concentration in the liver (~2.3 μM/g tissue). It was gradually metabolized, with a half-life of ~6 hours in plasma. No significant accumulation was observed after repeated administration (once daily for 3 days) [1]
- Isoguanine was incorporated into genomic DNA of mouse tissues (liver, bone marrow) at a low frequency (~0.01% of total guanine residues) after in vivo administration, indicating partial integration into the endogenous nucleic acid pool (mass spectrometry and sequencing analysis) [1] |
| Enzyme Assay |
- DNA polymerase incorporation assay: Reaction mixtures containing DNA template-primer, DNA polymerase (Taq/Klenow), dNTPs (including Isoguanine triphosphate as a substrate analog), and buffer were incubated at 37°C (Klenow) or 72°C (Taq) for 30 minutes. The reaction products were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to assess the efficiency of Isoguanine incorporation into DNA strands [1]
- Base pair stability assay: Oligonucleotides containing Isoguanine-m5iC base pairs were synthesized. The thermal stability of these oligonucleotides was measured by UV melting curve analysis, with absorbance at 260 nm recorded as temperature increased from 25°C to 95°C. Melting temperatures (Tm) were calculated to compare with natural G-C base pairs [1] |
| Cell Assay |
- In vitro DNA replication assay: Cultured mammalian cells (HEK293T) were transfected with plasmids containing Isoguanine-m5iC base pairs. After 48 hours of culture, plasmids were extracted and sequenced to evaluate the maintenance of Isoguanine during cellular DNA replication. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay to assess potential cytotoxicity of Isoguanine at concentrations up to 500 μM [1]
- Nucleic acid incorporation assay: Cells were treated with Isoguanine (100, 200 μM) for 24 hours. Genomic DNA was extracted, digested into nucleotides, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry to quantify the incorporation level of Isoguanine [1] |
| Animal Protocol |
- In vivo distribution and metabolism assay: Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with Isoguanine dissolved in sterile saline (50 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 hours post-administration for plasma concentration analysis. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 6, 24 hours, and tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, brain) were harvested to measure Isoguanine levels by HPLC-MS [1]
- Repeated administration assay: Mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of Isoguanine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days. On day 4, plasma and tissues were collected to evaluate accumulation and metabolic profile [1] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In vitro experiments showed that isoguanine at concentrations up to 1 mM did not induce significant cytotoxicity in HEK293T, HeLa, or NIH/3T3 cells (MTT assay), and cell viability remained above 90% [1]. In vivo experiments showed that within 72 hours of a single intraperitoneal injection of isoguanine (50 mg/kg), there were no changes in mouse body weight, food intake, or serum biochemical indicators (ALT, AST, Cr, BUN). No acute toxic symptoms (e.g., lethargy, convulsions) were observed [1].
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Isoguanine is an oxopurine, chemically named 3,7-dihydropurine-2-one, in which the hydrogen atom at position 6 is replaced by an amino group.
- Isoguanine is a non-natural purine base and a component of the extended genetic code [1]. - Its core biological characteristic is its ability to form specific and stable base pairs with 5-methylisocytosine, thereby enabling it to be integrated into nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) by natural polymerases. This characteristic makes it a key tool in synthetic biology for constructing organisms with extended genetic codes [1]. - Isoguanine exhibits good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, with low cytotoxicity and controllable metabolic properties. It is not a therapeutic drug but a research reagent for applications in genetic engineering and synthetic biology [1]. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H5N5O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
151.1261
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| Exact Mass |
151.049
|
| CAS # |
3373-53-3
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| PubChem CID |
76900
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
824.1±68.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
300 °C
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| Flash Point |
452.2±35.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.922
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| LogP |
-2.14
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
313
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
DRAVOWXCEBXPTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H5N5O/c6-3-2-4(8-1-7-2)10-5(11)9-3/h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)
|
| Chemical Name |
6-amino-1,7-dihydropurin-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.6168 mL | 33.0841 mL | 66.1682 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3234 mL | 6.6168 mL | 13.2336 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6617 mL | 3.3084 mL | 6.6168 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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