Hexadecanoate-13C16 (potassium) is a 13C (carbon 13)-labeled Hexadecanoate sodium. Hexadecanoate sodium induces the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells.
Hexadecanoate-13C16 potassium (potassium palmitate-13C16) is a stable isotope-labeled version of palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), with all 16 carbons labeled with carbon-13. It is used as an internal standard or tracer in analytical chemistry and metabolic research to study fatty acid biosynthesis, oxidation, and lipid metabolism via mass spectrometry. Target: Fatty Acid Metabolism / Stable Isotope Tracer. As an isotopically labeled fatty acid, it behaves identically to natural palmitate in biochemical pathways but can be distinguished by mass spectrometry. It serves as a metabolic tracer for tracking lipid uptake, beta-oxidation, and incorporation into complex lipids. No direct in vitro biological activity is reported beyond its use as a tracer. In palmitate-treated cell culture models (e.g., hepatocytes, myotubes), Hexadecanoate-13C16 potassium is used to trace fatty acid uptake, esterification into triglycerides, and beta-oxidation rates by monitoring 13CO2 production or labeled lipid species by LC-MS. In vivo, the compound is used in metabolic flux studies. After oral or intravenous administration, it traces whole-body fatty acid oxidation, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and tissue-specific lipid deposition. It does not exert pharmacological activity but is a valuable tool for studying lipid metabolism under various conditions. For cell-free assays (LC-MS): plasma, tissue homogenates, or cell lysates are processed by lipid extraction (Folch method), saponified, derivatized (e.g., to fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs), and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS. The 13C-labeled standard enables absolute quantitation of palmitate and tracing of its metabolic fate. For cell assays: myotubes, hepatocytes, or adipocytes are incubated with media containing Hexadecanoate-13C16 potassium (typically 50-500 uM) complexed to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2-24 h. Fatty acid oxidation is assessed by trapping 13CO2 in KOH, scintillation counting or MS analysis. Lipid extraction is performed for labeled TG, CE, and phospholipid analysis. For animal studies: for metabolic flux, mice are administered Hexadecanoate-13C16 potassium (oral gavage or IV bolus, typically 10-50 mg/kg). Serial blood samples are collected, and lipid extracts are analyzed by LC-MS. Tissues are collected post-mortem for analysis of incorporated label into various lipid classes (e.g., triglycerides, phospholipids). PK properties are consistent with natural palmitate: rapid plasma clearance, extensive uptake by liver and adipose tissue, metabolic half-life measured in minutes to hours depending on oxidation rate. The 13C-labeled standard does not alter PK compared to unlabeled palmitate. No toxicity is associated with this compound at tracer or internal standard levels. Palmitate itself can be cytotoxic at supraphysiological concentrations (e.g., ≥500 uM) in some cell types via ER stress and apoptosis, but these effects are not observed with standard tracer use. Hexadecanoate-13C16 potassium is a research standard, not a drug. It is not intended for human therapeutic use. It is used extensively in metabolic research to study inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.