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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
Halopemide primarily targets phospholipase D (PLD), specifically human PLD1 and PLD2. The IC₅₀ values are 220 nM for human PLD1 and 310 nM for human PLD2. It is also a dopamine receptor antagonist, acting as a selective antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors. Additionally, it is inhibitory at benzodiazepine binding sites.
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| ln Vitro |
Transdifferentiated MOVAS cells' calcification is impacted by halopemide (1-2 μM; 21 days) [3].
In vitro, halopemide inhibits PLD activity with high potency. It affects calcification in transdifferentiated MOVAS cells at concentrations of 1-2 μM over 21 days. The compound's inhibitory activity on PLD isoforms has been quantified in both biochemical and cellular assays. Halopemide is used as a screen to identify inhibitors of human PLD2 using in vitro biochemical assays. It blocks dopamine D2 receptor activation by endogenous dopamine and other ligands. |
| ln Vivo |
In the majority of studied monkeys, haloperamide (10 mg/kg; oral) results in dyskinesia [2].
In vivo, halopemide (10 mg/kg; oral) results in dyskinesia in the majority of studied monkeys. It has been used in psychotropic research. The compound's role in modulating phosphoinositide metabolism has been explored in preclinical studies. Optimization programs have used halopemide as a starting point to develop isoenzyme-selective PLD inhibitors with improved drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) profiles for in vivo proof-of-concept studies. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free enzyme assays for halopemide involve measuring its inhibitory activity against purified PLD isoforms. A typical assay includes combining assay buffer, substrate vesicles, and the purified PLD enzyme in a microcentrifuge tube. Halopemide is added at various concentrations, and the reaction is initiated by adding the substrate. PLD activity is measured by detecting the production of phosphatidic acid or choline. IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for halopemide involve treating cultured cells with the compound to assess its effects on PLD-mediated signaling. Cells are seeded in appropriate plates and treated with halopemide at concentrations ranging from 1-2 μM. The effects on cellular processes such as calcification, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and vesicle trafficking are evaluated. For dopamine receptor studies, cells expressing D2 receptors are used to assess receptor antagonism.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for halopemide typically involve oral administration to animal models. In monkey studies, halopemide (10 mg/kg; oral) is administered, and behavioral effects such as dyskinesia are observed. For studies on PLD inhibition, animal models are used to evaluate the compound's effects on phosphoinositide metabolism and related physiological processes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Dosing regimens and treatment durations vary depending on the specific experimental model.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Halopemide has a molecular formula of C₂₁H₂₂ClFN₄O₂ and a molecular weight of 416.88. It is soluble in DMSO (up to ~41.67 mg/mL). The compound is stable as a powder at -20°C for up to 3 years and in solution at -80°C for 6 months. It has a LogP of 4.47. Halopemide is stable at room temperature for short periods during shipping.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Halopemide is also known as NSC-354856. It is a dopamine receptor antagonist and a phospholipase D2 inhibitor. The compound is inhibitory at benzodiazepine binding sites. It is structurally related to butyrophenones and acts as a psychotropic agent without parkinsonian side effects. Halopemide is for research use only and not for human use. It is used as a tool to study the dopaminergic system and its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes.
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| Molecular Formula |
C21H22CLFN4O2
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| Molecular Weight |
416.88
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| Exact Mass |
416.141
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| CAS # |
59831-65-1
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| PubChem CID |
65490
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.612
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| LogP |
4.47
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
593
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
NBHPRWLFLUBAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H22ClFN4O2/c22-15-3-6-19-18(13-15)25-21(29)27(19)17-7-10-26(11-8-17)12-9-24-20(28)14-1-4-16(23)5-2-14/h1-6,13,17H,7-12H2,(H,24,28)(H,25,29)
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| Chemical Name |
N-[2-[4-(5-chloro-2-oxo-3H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorobenzamide
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| Synonyms |
NSC-354856; NSC 354856; Halopemide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~41.67 mg/mL (~99.96 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3988 mL | 11.9939 mL | 23.9877 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4798 mL | 2.3988 mL | 4.7975 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2399 mL | 1.1994 mL | 2.3988 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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