| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g | |||
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| Targets |
H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is formed by the action of tissue transglutaminase (tTg), which catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine crosslinks between ECM components. The formation of these bonds is increased in some diseases, such as non-diabetic nephropathy and glaucoma. The compound itself is not a therapeutic target but is a biomarker of transglutaminase activity and a research tool for studying ECM remodeling and disease pathology.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is used as a standard and a substrate in biochemical assays to study the activity of transglutaminase. It is used to measure the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds, which are indicative of transglutaminase activity. The compound does not exhibit significant pharmacological activities such as receptor binding or enzyme inhibition. Its role in research is primarily as a biomarker and a tool for studying transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking in disease.
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| ln Vivo |
H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is not a pharmacologically active compound and therefore does not have defined in vivo activity as a therapeutic agent. It is an endogenous metabolite formed by the action of tissue transglutaminase. Its levels in tissues are elevated in diseases such as non-diabetic nephropathy and glaucoma. Its primary value is as a biomarker of transglutaminase activity and a research tool for studying ECM remodeling and disease pathology.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH are designed to measure the activity of tissue transglutaminase. A standard protocol involves incubating a substrate (such as a glutamine-containing peptide) with the enzyme and a primary amine (such as a lysine-containing peptide) to form the isopeptide bond. The formation of H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is quantified by HPLC or mass spectrometry. These assays are used to screen for transglutaminase inhibitors and to study the enzyme's role in disease.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays using H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH are conducted to study transglutaminase activity and ECM remodeling. Cells are cultured under conditions that promote transglutaminase activity, and the levels of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks are measured. The effects of disease-related stimuli or drug treatments on crosslink formation can be assessed. These experiments are typically conducted in cell lines such as proximal tubular epithelial cells to study kidney disease.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH are not typically conducted for therapeutic purposes. However, it may be used in studies of diseases associated with increased transglutaminase activity. A typical protocol involves inducing a disease state in rodents, such as kidney disease, and measuring the levels of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks in tissues. These studies help to understand the role of transglutaminase in disease pathology and to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a small, hydrophilic dipeptide, H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is expected to be rapidly metabolized in the body. Its levels in tissues are regulated by the balance between its formation by transglutaminase and its degradation by peptidases. Detailed pharmacokinetic data are not typically reported, as the compound is primarily a biomarker rather than a drug candidate.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH is generally considered to have low toxicity, consistent with its status as an endogenous metabolite. It is a normal component of the extracellular matrix. Standard laboratory safety precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment, are recommended. No significant systemic toxicity is anticipated at typical research doses.
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| Additional Infomation |
ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine is an N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative, wherein the acyl group is designated as γ-glutamyl. It is the zwitterion tautomer of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine.
H-Glu(H-Lys-OH)-OH (Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine, CAS 17105-15-6) is a dipeptide composed of glutamic acid and lysine. Its molecular formula is C₁₁H₂₁N₃O₅ and its molecular weight is approximately 275.30 g/mol. It is an N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative formed by the action of tissue transglutaminase on ECM components. Its formation is increased in diseases such as non-diabetic nephropathy and glaucoma. It is used as a research tool and a biomarker of transglutaminase activity. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H21N3O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
275.30154
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| Exact Mass |
275.148
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| CAS # |
17105-15-6
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| Related CAS # |
Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine TFA
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| PubChem CID |
7015685
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.29g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
610.3ºC at 760mmHg
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| Flash Point |
322.9ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.26E-16mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.538
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| LogP |
0.668
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
322
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
O=C(O)[C@@H](N)CCC(NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=O
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| InChi Key |
JPKNLFVGUZRHOB-YUMQZZPRSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H21N3O5/c12-7(10(16)17)3-1-2-6-14-9(15)5-4-8(13)11(18)19/h7-8H,1-6,12-13H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)(H,18,19)/t7-,8-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-6-[[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6324 mL | 18.1620 mL | 36.3240 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7265 mL | 3.6324 mL | 7.2648 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3632 mL | 1.8162 mL | 3.6324 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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