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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a basic amino acid derivative, H-DL-Lys-OH·HCl does not have a specific defined pharmacological target in the classical sense of drug-receptor interactions. In biological systems, lysine and its analogues interact with amino acid transporters, including the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family and system y⁺ transporters, which mediate cellular uptake of basic amino acids. Additionally, lysine derivatives may interact with enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, such as lysine decarboxylase and lysine oxidase. In cell culture applications, this compound serves as a nutrient source supplying essential amino acids for cellular protein synthesis and metabolic pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
In vitro studies with lysine derivatives have demonstrated their effects on cellular metabolism and protein synthesis. Amino acid derivatives like H-DL-Lys-OH·HCl influence the release of anabolic hormones and affect the availability of fuel for cellular activity. Research indicates that lysine supplementation can enhance calcium absorption and reduce urinary calcium excretion in cell-based models. The compound has been shown to support cell viability and proliferation in various culture systems by providing essential nitrogen sources. Studies also suggest that lysine derivatives may play a role in preventing muscular damage induced by exertion through their effects on protein metabolism and tissue repair mechanisms. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies on lysine derivatives have focused primarily on their nutritional and metabolic effects rather than therapeutic applications. Animal studies have demonstrated that lysine supplementation can influence growth performance, nitrogen balance, and immune function. Research in rodent models has shown that lysine derivatives affect the release of anabolic hormones and the availability of fuel for physical activity. These compounds have been investigated for their potential to improve mental performance under stress and prevent exercise-induced muscle damage. However, H-DL-Lys-OH·HCl specifically has limited published in vivo data as it is primarily a research reagent rather than a drug candidate.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Typical in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for amino acid derivatives involve radioligand binding or fluorescence-based competition assays. A standard protocol includes preparing a series of compound concentrations in assay buffer (e.g., PBS pH 7.4) and incubating with the target enzyme or receptor preparation. For amino acid transporters, assays often use radiolabeled substrates (e.g., ³H-lysine) to measure competitive displacement. After incubation at 37°C for 30-60 minutes, bound and free radioligand are separated by rapid filtration through glass fiber filters, followed by scintillation counting. IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves using nonlinear regression analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for lysine derivatives typically employ cell lines such as HEK293, HeLa, or primary cell cultures. A common protocol involves seeding cells in 96-well plates at 5×10³ to 1×10⁴ cells per well in appropriate growth medium and incubating overnight at 37°C with 5% CO₂. Cells are then treated with varying concentrations of the compound (typically 0.1-1000 µM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CCK-8 assays, where absorbance is measured at 570 nm or 450 nm respectively. Metabolic effects can be evaluated by measuring glucose consumption, lactate production, or amino acid uptake using commercial assay kits.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with lysine derivatives typically utilize rodent models such as Sprague-Dawley rats or C57BL/6 mice. A standard protocol involves oral gavage or intraperitoneal administration of the compound dissolved in sterile saline or PBS at doses ranging from 50-500 mg/kg body weight. Animals are maintained under standard laboratory conditions with ad libitum access to food and water. Blood samples are collected at predetermined time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 hours) via tail vein or cardiac puncture. Tissue samples (liver, kidney, muscle, brain) may be harvested for analysis of amino acid concentrations, metabolic markers, and gene expression changes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a small amino acid derivative (molecular weight ~330.81 g/mol), H-DL-Lys-OH·HCl is expected to exhibit favorable oral bioavailability due to its small size and polar nature. The compound is highly soluble in aqueous solutions, facilitating absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Following absorption, it distributes throughout bodily fluids and tissues via amino acid transport systems. The compound is primarily metabolized through transamination and decarboxylation pathways, with excretion occurring via renal filtration. The hydrochloride salt form enhances aqueous solubility and stability. Plasma half-life is typically short (1-3 hours) for amino acid derivatives due to rapid clearance.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The hydrochloride salt of lysine exhibits low acute toxicity, consistent with its nature as a naturally occurring amino acid derivative. The oral LD₅₀ in rodents is expected to be >2000 mg/kg based on data from similar amino acid compounds. Common adverse effects at high doses may include gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea due to osmotic effects. The compound is not considered genotoxic or carcinogenic. Skin and eye irritation potential is low, though standard laboratory precautions should be observed. The compound is stable under normal handling conditions and does not present significant environmental hazards.
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| References |
[1]. Luckose F, et al. Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(13):1793-1144.
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| Additional Infomation |
H-DL-Lys-OH·HCl is a research-grade chemical supplied as a white to off-white solid powder with a melting point of 115-118°C. The compound has a boiling point of 444.6°C at 760 mmHg and a flash point of 222.7°C. It should be stored as a powder at -20°C for up to 3 years or at 4°C for up to 2 years, and in solution at -80°C for 6 months or -20°C for 1 month. The product is for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications. It is not approved by any regulatory agency for clinical use and has no known marketed drug status.
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| Molecular Formula |
C15H23CLN2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
330.8071
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| Exact Mass |
330.134
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| CAS # |
27894-50-4
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| PubChem CID |
12935371
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
444.6ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
115-118°C
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| Flash Point |
222.7ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
4.23E-08mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.524
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| LogP |
3.476
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
22
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| Complexity |
317
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
Cl[H].O(C([H])([H])[H])C([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])C(=O)OC([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H])N([H])[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
QPNJISLOYQGQTI-ZOWNYOTGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H22N2O4.ClH/c1-20-14(18)13(16)9-5-6-10-17-15(19)21-11-12-7-3-2-4-8-12;/h2-4,7-8,13H,5-6,9-11,16H2,1H3,(H,17,19);1H/t13-;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
methyl (2S)-2-amino-6-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)hexanoate;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0229 mL | 15.1144 mL | 30.2288 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6046 mL | 3.0229 mL | 6.0458 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3023 mL | 1.5114 mL | 3.0229 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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