| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a naturally occurring amino acid, D-tyrosine interacts with various biological targets. The primary target of D-tyrosine is tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, which it inhibits. D-tyrosine also interacts with amino acid transporters, including the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family, which mediates cellular uptake of large neutral amino acids. In biological systems, D-tyrosine may also interact with D-amino acid oxidase, which catalyzes its oxidative deamination. The compound may affect dopamine and catecholamine synthesis pathways through competition with L-tyrosine.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that D-tyrosine inhibits tyrosinase activity, leading to reduced melanin synthesis in melanocyte cultures. Research has shown that D-tyrosine effectively inhibits biofilm formation in various bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, without affecting bacterial growth. The compound has also been studied for its effects on cellular metabolism and protein synthesis. Studies suggest that D-tyrosine may have antioxidant properties and can protect cells from oxidative stress.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies on D-tyrosine have focused on its effects on melanin synthesis and biofilm formation. Research in animal models has shown that D-tyrosine administration can reduce melanin production and may have applications in treating hyperpigmentation disorders. D-tyrosine has also been studied for its potential to prevent biofilm-associated infections in vivo. However, detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for D-tyrosine are limited.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro tyrosinase inhibition assays typically use mushroom tyrosinase or mammalian tyrosinase preparations. A standard protocol involves incubating the enzyme with varying concentrations of D-tyrosine (typically 0.1-1000 µM) in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) containing L-DOPA as substrate. The reaction is carried out at 37°C for 10-30 minutes. The production of dopachrome is measured spectrophotometrically at 475 nm. IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves. For biofilm inhibition assays, bacterial cultures are grown in 96-well plates with varying concentrations of D-tyrosine, and biofilm formation is quantified using crystal violet staining.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for D-tyrosine typically employ melanocyte cell lines such as B16F10 mouse melanoma cells or human melanocytes. Cells are seeded in 96-well or 24-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of D-tyrosine (typically 1-1000 µM) for 24-72 hours. Melanin content is measured by absorbance at 405 nm after cell lysis. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays. Tyrosinase activity is measured using L-DOPA as substrate. For biofilm studies, bacterial cultures are treated with D-tyrosine and biofilm formation is quantified.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with D-tyrosine typically utilize mouse or rat models. For melanin studies, animals may be treated with D-tyrosine via oral administration or intraperitoneal injection at doses ranging from 10-200 mg/kg body weight. Skin pigmentation is assessed visually or by melanin measurement. For biofilm studies, animal models of infection may be used to evaluate the anti-biofilm effects of D-tyrosine. Standard protocols involve administration of the compound dissolved in sterile saline or PBS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
D-Tyrosine (molecular weight 181.19 g/mol) is a small, polar amino acid. The compound is soluble in acidic solutions (1 M HCl: 25 mg/mL) but has limited solubility in water (<0.1 mg/mL) and DMSO (<1 mg/mL). D-tyrosine is metabolized by D-amino acid oxidase, producing the corresponding keto acid. The compound has a half-life of approximately 1-2 hours in rodents. Excretion occurs primarily via renal clearance.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
D-Tyrosine exhibits low toxicity, consistent with its nature as a naturally occurring amino acid. The oral LD₅₀ in rodents is expected to be >5000 mg/kg. The compound is not considered genotoxic or carcinogenic. Standard laboratory precautions should be observed.
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| Additional Infomation |
H-D-Tyr-OH is supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound has a molecular formula of C₉H₁₁NO₃. It should be stored at room temperature. The product is for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic applications. D-tyrosine has been studied for potential applications in treating hyperpigmentation, biofilm-associated infections, and as a precursor for peptide synthesis.
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H14CLNO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
231.6761
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| Exact Mass |
231.066
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| CAS # |
3728-20-9
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| PubChem CID |
134565
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Boiling Point |
330ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
177-179℃
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| Flash Point |
153.4ºC
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| LogP |
1.937
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
188
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
Cl[H].O(C([H])([H])[H])C([C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])O[H])N([H])[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
VXYFARNRGZWHTJ-SBSPUUFOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H13NO3.ClH/c1-14-10(13)9(11)6-7-2-4-8(12)5-3-7;/h2-5,9,12H,6,11H2,1H3;1H/t9-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
methyl (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate;hydrochloride
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| Synonyms |
3728-20-9; h-d-tyr-ome.hcl; D-Tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride; Methyl D-tyrosinate hydrochloride; H-D-Tyr-Ome HCl; D-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride; Methyl D-tyrosinate HCl; 7R5Z5TEQ9D;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.3163 mL | 21.5815 mL | 43.1630 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8633 mL | 4.3163 mL | 8.6326 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4316 mL | 2.1581 mL | 4.3163 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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