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| Targets |
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. Guaiacin also inhibits beta-glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). It may also target pathways involved in osteoblast differentiation and alkaline phosphatase activity.
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| ln Vitro |
Guaiacin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. It inhibits beta-glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF), with 42.5-75.6% inhibition at 10(-5) M. Guaiacin significantly increases alkaline phosphatase activity and promotes osteoblast differentiation. It has neuroprotective activities.
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| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo activity data is available for Guaiacin. Its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities suggest potential for in vivo studies in inflammatory or neurodegenerative disease models. Its effects on osteoblast differentiation suggest potential for bone-related studies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Guaiacin typically involve measuring inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or spectrophotometric methods. Inhibition of beta-glucuronidase in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) is measured, with inhibition rates reported at specific concentrations.
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| Cell Assay |
The in vitro cellular activity of Guaiacin is evaluated in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) for its ability to inhibit beta-glucuronidase release induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). Osteoblast differentiation can be assessed in osteoblast cell lines by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity. Neuroprotective effects can be evaluated in neuronal cell cultures exposed to neurotoxic insults.
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| Animal Protocol |
No specific in vivo animal experimental protocols are available for Guaiacin. For anti-inflammatory studies, potential in vivo models include carrageenan-induced paw edema or LPS-induced systemic inflammation in rodents. For neuroprotective studies, models of neurodegeneration (e.g., MPTP-induced Parkinson's model, scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment) could be used. Administration routes would depend on the specific experimental design.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No specific pharmacokinetic data is available for Guaiacin. As a lignin (molecular weight 328.40, formula C20H24O4), it is expected to have moderate lipophilicity. The compound is a natural product with potential for oral bioavailability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicological data is available for Guaiacin. As a natural product, it is expected to have relatively low toxicity, though this has not been formally evaluated in preclinical studies. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(+)-Guaifenesin is a lignan that functions as a metabolite. It has been reported to be found in purslane, Philippine cinnamon, and other organisms with relevant data.
Guaiacin is an arylnaphthalene-type lignin from Machilus thunbergii with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. It inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 and increases alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblast differentiation. It is not approved for clinical use and is intended for research purposes only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C20H24O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
328.4022
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| Exact Mass |
328.167
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| CAS # |
36531-08-5
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| Related CAS # |
(+)-Guaiacin;88547-66-4
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| PubChem CID |
11724027
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
484.5±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
246.8±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.573
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| LogP |
4.06
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
414
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1CC2=CC(=C(C=C2[C@@H]([C@H]1C)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)OC
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| InChi Key |
TZAAYUCUPIYQBR-JGRMJRGVSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H24O4/c1-11-7-14-9-19(24-4)17(22)10-15(14)20(12(11)2)13-5-6-16(21)18(8-13)23-3/h5-6,8-12,20-22H,7H2,1-4H3/t11-,12+,20+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(6R,7S,8S)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0451 mL | 15.2253 mL | 30.4507 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6090 mL | 3.0451 mL | 6.0901 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3045 mL | 1.5225 mL | 3.0451 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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