| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
GTS-21 is a novel and potent alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
GTS-21 is rapidly and extensively absorbed after oral administration. In rats, it exhibits linear pharmacokinetic characteristics across a dose range of 1 to 10 mg/kg, with an absolute bioavailability of 23%. In dogs, the absolute bioavailability at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg is 27%. Metabolisms/Metabolites GTS-21 undergoes O-demethylation to form compounds, which are subsequently glucuroninated. Three metabolites were isolated and identified from rat urine: 4-OH-GTS-21, 4-OH-GTS-21 glucuronide, and 2-OH-GTS-21 glucuronide. The major urinary metabolites are 4-OH-GTS-21 glucuronide and 2-OH-GTS-21 glucuronide. In vitro chemical inhibition experiments on human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 showed that CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are the main isoenzymes for GTS-21 O-demethylation, with CYP3A also playing a role. Known metabolites of GTS-21 include 2-hydroxy-GTS-21 and 4-hydroxy-GTS-21. |
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DMXB-A is a dimethoxybenzene. GTS-21 (also known as DMBX-A) is a novel, small-molecule, orally active, selective α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor agonist that has been shown to enhance memory and cognitive function in human clinical trials. Athenagen acquired Osprey Pharmaceuticals in April 2006, thereby obtaining exclusive rights to this compound and its related analogue library. GTS-21 has undergone Phase I clinical trials in several healthy volunteers and a Phase I/II clinical trial in patients with schizophrenia. All studies have shown that the compound is well-tolerated. In a Phase I, multi-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy adults, GTS-21 demonstrated cognitive enhancement at all doses, with statistically significant improvements in attention-related and memory-related tasks (Kitagawa et al., Neuropsychopharmacology (2003), 28, 542-551). See also: 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)anabasin (note moved to).
Drug Indications Studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. Mechanism of Action Auditory gating (a biological measure of the ability to suppress an evoked response to the second of two auditory stimuli) is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Sensory gating deficits are associated with attention deficits and may contribute to cognitive symptoms and perceptual disturbances. This inhibitory process involves the release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated by hippocampal interneurons via α7 nicotine receptors, representing a potential novel target for the treatment of schizophrenia. GTS-21 is an orally potent α7 nicotine acetylcholine (nACh) receptor agonist. |
| Molecular Formula |
C19H20N2O2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
308.381
|
| Exact Mass |
308.152
|
| CAS # |
148372-04-7
|
| PubChem CID |
5310985
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| LogP |
3.2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
447
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
COC1=CC=C(/C=C/2\CCCN=C2C3=CN=CC=C3)C(=C1)OC
|
| InChi Key |
RPYWXZCFYPVCNQ-RVDMUPIBSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H20N2O2/c1-22-17-8-7-14(18(12-17)23-2)11-15-5-4-10-21-19(15)16-6-3-9-20-13-16/h3,6-9,11-13H,4-5,10H2,1-2H3/b15-11+
|
| Chemical Name |
3-[(5E)-5-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyridin-6-yl]pyridine
|
| Synonyms |
GTS21 GTS 21GTS-21 DMXB-A
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2428 mL | 16.2138 mL | 32.4275 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6486 mL | 3.2428 mL | 6.4855 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3243 mL | 1.6214 mL | 3.2428 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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