LSD1/lysine specific demethylase 1

To assess the activity of LSD1 inhibition in vivo, secondary recipient mice engrafted with 1 × 10~5 MLL-AF9 primary AML cells were treated with GSK-LSD1. The drug was administered daily during a 14-day treatment window at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Treatment was initiated only after peripheral blood engraftment was confirmed (supplemental Figure 1A, available on the Blood Web site). After treatment, some mice were killed and analyzed using flow cytometric detection of GFP as a readout of MLL-AF9 allele burden. GSK-LSD1–treated mice exhibited a lower proportion of GFP+ cells in the bone marrow (Figure 1A), peripheral blood, and spleen (supplemental Figure 1B-C). Other measures of disease burden, including spleen weight, were markedly reduced in the setting of GSK-LSD1 treatment (supplemental Figure 1E). Mice treated with GSK-LSD1 exhibited a significant decline in platelet count (P = .003; supplemental Figure 1D), which is consistent with an on-target effect of LSD1 depletion.18 Immunophenotyping of bone marrow cells after 3 days of GSK-LSD1 treatment revealed a reduction of more primitive GFP+ leukemia cells coexpressing c-kit and Mac-1 (Figure 1B). GSK-LSD1–treated mice also had markedly improved survival (median survival, 78 days) compared with control mice (median survival, 39 days) (Figure 1C). Strikingly, a small proportion of treated mice had no detectable disease even 248 days after transplantation. In order to confirm this effect of LSD1 inhibition on survival, we performed serial transplantation of MLL-AF9 cells harvested from leukemic mice treated for 3 days with either vehicle alone or GSK-LSD1. Equivalent numbers of GFP+ cells purified from vehicle- or GSK-LSD1–treated mice were injected into sublethally irradiated mice. Tertiary recipient mice transplanted with cells harvested from GSK-LSD1–treated mice had improved survival when compared with vehicle-treated mice. While recipient mice transplanted with vehicle-treated cells had a median survival of 23 days, mice challenged with GSK-LSD1–treated leukemia cells had a median survival of 51 days (Figure 1D). Only 50% of the mice engrafted with GSK-LSD1–treated leukemia cells succumbed to AML. The remaining 50% of the mice transplanted with GSK-LSD1–treated cells remained healthy up to 308 days after transplantation and showed no signs of leukemia. These data suggest that LSD1 inhibition has potent antileukemic activity, improves overall survival, and occasionally causes complete disease eradication in an aggressive model of MLL-AF9–driven AML.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897868/

Cell cycle analysis
Cell cycle analysis was performed by BrdU staining of cells treated in vitro for 48 hours with GSKLSD1. BrdU Flow Kit (BD Biosciences) was used. Briefly, after 48 hours of exposure to GSK-LSD1, cells were exposed to 10 µM BrdU per manufacturer’s instructions for 20 min. After this, cells were harvested, permeabilized and stained with anti-BrdU antibody labelled with APC, while leukemic cells were GFP+ (harbouring pMSCV-MLL-AF9-IRES-GFP plasmid). For DNA staining SYTOX™ Blue Dead Cell Stain was used. The SYTOX Blue signal was acquired in a linear mode. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897868/#sec12

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MLL-AF9 leukemia cells were treated in vitro by culturing cells in IMDM supplemented with 15% FBS, IL-3, IL-6, and mSCF with the addition of vehicle alone or GSK-LSD1 at a concentration of 0.5 µM for 48 hours. Similarly, leukemia cells were treated with the DOT1L inhibitor EPZ4777 for 6 days at a concentration of 1 µM. Colony forming assays were performed according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 500 cells/dish were plated in MC3434 methylcellulose and numbers of colonies were scored after 6 days of incubation. For each arm 3 independent dishes were scored, and colony assays were performed at least in duplicate. GSK-LSD1 was added to MC3434 semisolid medium at day 0 at a concentration of 0.5 µM and colonies were scored six days later.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897868/#sec12

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017 Aug 8;1864(12):2428-2437.; http://www.thesgc.org/chemical-probes/LSD1.

Epigenetic factors and related small molecules have been shown to be closely related to autophagy. This study found that two inhibitors of the histone H3K4 demethylase KDM1A/LSD1, 2-PCPA and GSK-LSD1, can induce autophagy in various mammalian cell lines. These two small molecules can induce the accumulation of LC3II, the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and the degradation of SQSTM1/p62. 2-PCPA treatment inhibits cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle but does not induce cell death. Exogenous expression of KDM1A/LSD1 attenuates the 2-PCPA-induced autophagy phenotype. 2-PCPA-induced autophagy requires LC3II processing. However, knockdown of BECN1 and ULK1 using siRNA does not affect 2-PCPA-induced LC3II accumulation. 2-PCPA treatment induces alterations in global gene expression programs, including a range of autophagy-related genes such as SQSTM1/p62. In summary, our data suggest that KDM1A/LSD1 inhibitors induce autophagy in a BECN1-independent manner by affecting the expression of autophagy-related genes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017 Aug 8; 1864(12):2428-2437

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Epigenetic regulators are repeatedly mutated and aberrantly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Targeted therapies against these chromatin-modifying enzymes, such as histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone methyltransferase DOT1L, have been developed as novel treatments for these often refractory diseases. Many of these targeted therapies share the ability to induce myeloid differentiation, suggesting that the prevalent differentiation arrest in AML can be relieved by activating multiple myeloid gene expression pathways. We treated mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-AF9-driven murine leukemia and MLL-rearranged patient-derived xenografts using two distinct but potent differentiation-inducing targeted epigenetic therapies—the LSD1 inhibitor GSK-LSD1 and the DOT1L inhibitor EPZ4777—and compared the dynamic changes in chromatin during treatment. Interestingly, GSK-LSD1 treatment led to an overall increase in chromatin accessibility, while EPZ4777 treatment led to an overall decrease in chromatin accessibility. We captured the motif signatures of PU.1 and C/EBPα at LSD1 inhibitor-induced dynamic sites, and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing revealed the co-localization of these myeloid transcription factors at these sites. Functionally, we demonstrated that decreased PU.1 expression or C/EBPα gene deletion in MLL-AF9 cells leads to resistance to LSD1 inhibitors in these leukemias. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 is a unique pathway to overcome AML differentiation arrest and generate therapeutic benefits. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897868/#sec12

1431368-50-1

GSK-LSD1 dihydrochloride;2102933-95-7

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

N-((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)piperidin-4-amine

GSK-LSD1 HCl; GSK-LSD1 2HCl; GSK-LSD1; GSK-LSD-1; GSK-LSD 1

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)