| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 50mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Goniothalamine targets multiple cellular components, including Peroxisomal Multifunctional Enzyme Type 2 (MFE2), an important enzyme for peroxisomal β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. It also interacts with various proteins required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. By targeting MFE2, Goniothalamine potentially interrupts its function, leading to lipid metabolism perturbation associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the context of cancer, it has shown cytotoxic activity against colon cancer, breast cancer, and large-cell lung carcinoma cell lines. The compound's interaction with its targets leads to the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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| ln Vitro |
Goniothalamine demonstrates potent in vitro activity against various cancer cell lines, including those from colon, breast, and lung cancers. It induces apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by promoting caspase-3 activation. The compound also induces oxidative stress and inhibits cell wall-associated protein expression, thereby suppressing the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings. Goniothalamine suppresses cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner and causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Additionally, it induces necroptosis via a RIP3-independent mechanism.
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| ln Vivo |
Goniothalamine has demonstrated gastroprotective activity in vivo. It has been shown to enhance the ATPase activity of both cyanobacterial and yeast Hsp90, suggesting a potential role in modulating protein folding and stress responses within a living organism. Its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties have also been observed in animal models. While specific in vivo anti-tumor efficacy data is not detailed in standard product descriptions, its potent in vitro activity against multiple cancer cell lines suggests potential for further investigation in animal models of cancer.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Goniothalamine typically measure its inhibition of target enzymes or its effects on cellular processes. For instance, its impact on Hsp90 ATPase activity can be assessed by incubating purified Hsp90 protein with ATP and the compound, then measuring the release of inorganic phosphate as a readout of ATP hydrolysis. To study its effects on MFE2, enzyme activity assays using relevant substrates can be performed to determine the compound's inhibitory concentration (IC50). In apoptosis studies, the activation of caspases, such as caspase-3, can be measured using fluorogenic substrates in cell-free systems.
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| Cell Assay |
Goniothalamine's in vitro cellular activity is assessed using various cancer cell lines. In a typical assay, cells such as HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells are cultured in multi-well plates and treated with increasing concentrations of Goniothalamine. After a defined incubation period (e.g., 24-72 hours), cell viability is measured using assays like MTT or CellTiter-Glo. Apoptosis is quantified by detecting DNA condensation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell surface phosphatidylserine presentation using fluorescent dyes and flow cytometry. Cell cycle analysis is performed by propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of cells in G2/M phase.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Goniothalamine are not extensively documented in standard product literature. However, as a compound with gastroprotective activity, it could be evaluated in rodent models of gastric ulcers. In such a study, animals would be administered Goniothalamine orally or intraperitoneally before being subjected to ulcer-inducing agents (e.g., ethanol or stress). The stomachs would then be excised and examined for ulcer formation. Its anti-inflammatory properties could be assessed in models like carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. For anti-tumor studies, xenograft models using immunodeficient mice implanted with human cancer cell lines could be employed to evaluate tumor growth inhibition following Goniothalamine treatment.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Goniothalamine has a molecular weight of 200.23 g/mol and a molecular formula of C13H12O2. It is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents. For storage, it is recommended to keep the compound as a powder at -20°C, where it is stable for long-term storage. Short-term storage (days to weeks) can be at 4°C. Detailed pharmacokinetic properties such as half-life, bioavailability, and volume of distribution have not been extensively characterized. As a natural product, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile would need to be determined through specific studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Goniothalamine is a cytotoxic compound that induces DNA damage and apoptosis. Its toxicity profile is primarily characterized by its ability to induce cell death in cancer cell lines. However, comprehensive toxicological data, including acute and chronic toxicity studies in animals, are not detailed in standard product descriptions. As it induces oxidative stress and apoptosis, it is expected to have dose-dependent toxicity. The compound should be handled with caution using appropriate personal protective equipment. Its use is strictly limited to research applications, and it is not intended for human or veterinary therapeutic use due to its cytotoxic nature.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Goniothalamin has reportedly been found in Goniothalamus amuyon, Goniothalamus griffithii, and other organisms with available data.
Goniothalamine is a research compound and is not approved for any clinical use. It is a natural product isolated from Goniothalamus plants with a diverse range of biological activities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective effects. Its mechanism of action involves targeting multiple cellular components such as MFE2 and inducing apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and JNK pathway induction. The compound also induces necroptosis through a RIP3-independent mechanism. Goniothalamine serves as a valuable tool for studying cancer biology, apoptosis, and natural product pharmacology. It is not a drug and has not undergone clinical trials. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H12O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
200.23
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| Exact Mass |
200.083
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| CAS # |
17303-67-2
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| PubChem CID |
6440856
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| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
386.0±41.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
162.3±25.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.668
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| LogP |
2.13
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
272
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1C=CC(=O)O[C@H]1/C=C/C2=CC=CC=C2
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| InChi Key |
RLGHFVLWYYVMQZ-BZYZDCJZSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H12O2/c14-13-8-4-7-12(15-13)10-9-11-5-2-1-3-6-11/h1-6,8-10,12H,7H2/b10-9+/t12-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one
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| Synonyms |
Goniothalamine (6R)-(+)-Goniothalamin
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.9943 mL | 24.9713 mL | 49.9426 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9989 mL | 4.9943 mL | 9.9885 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4994 mL | 2.4971 mL | 4.9943 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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