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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glycylglycylglycine does not have a specific biological target as a drug. Its primary utility is as a research tool and model peptide for studying physicochemical parameters and molecular associations. As a simple tripeptide, it can interact with metal ions such as copper, acting as a chelator. It may also have neurotransmitter-like activity in the central nervous system. However, it is not designed to interact with specific receptors or enzymes for therapeutic purposes. Its value lies in its simplicity and well-defined structure as a model for peptide research.
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| ln Vitro |
H-Gly-Gly-Gly-OH is a biochemical reagent that can be utilized in studies pertaining to life sciences as an organic compound or biological material.
In vitro, Glycylglycylglycine is used as a model peptide to study various physicochemical parameters, including solubility, conformational behavior, and molecular associations. It serves as a substrate in enzymatic assays to study protease activity and peptide bond hydrolysis. It is also used to investigate copper chelation properties. The compound does not exhibit pharmacological activities such as receptor binding or enzyme inhibition in vitro. Its role in research is as a reagent for studying peptide chemistry and biochemistry, providing a simple system to understand more complex peptide and protein behavior. |
| ln Vivo |
Glycylglycylglycine is not a pharmacologically active compound and therefore does not have defined in vivo activity as a therapeutic agent. When administered to animals, it would likely be metabolized by peptidases to release glycine, which would then enter normal metabolic pathways. The compound has been studied for its potential roles as a neurotransmitter and antioxidant, but these are research applications rather than therapeutic interventions. Its primary value remains in biochemical research as a model peptide for studying protein structure and function, and its use in vivo is limited to research contexts investigating peptide metabolism and bioavailability.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Glycylglycylglycine are typically designed to study protease or peptidase activity. A standard protocol involves incubating the compound with an enzyme preparation, such as a tissue homogenate or purified protease, in a suitable buffer at physiological pH and temperature. The hydrolysis of the tripeptide bond releases glycine, which can be quantified by HPLC, mass spectrometry, or colorimetric methods. The progress of the reaction can be monitored, and kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax can be determined. These assays are used to characterize the substrate specificity of proteases.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays using Glycylglycylglycine are limited because the compound lacks intrinsic biological activity. However, it can be used in cell culture studies to investigate peptide transport and metabolism. Cells are cultured in media supplemented with the compound, and its uptake and hydrolysis are monitored. The effects of increased glycine availability on cellular metabolism can be assessed. These experiments are typically conducted in cell lines that express peptide transporters, such as Caco-2 cells, to study the mechanisms of peptide absorption.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with Glycylglycylglycine are not typically conducted for therapeutic purposes, as it is a research tool. However, it may be used in nutritional or metabolic studies to investigate peptide absorption and metabolism. A typical protocol involves oral or intravenous administration of the compound to rodents. Blood and tissue samples are collected to measure glycine and peptide levels, allowing assessment of the compound's bioavailability and metabolic fate. These studies help to understand the digestion and absorption of small peptides.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a small, hydrophilic tripeptide, Glycylglycylglycine is expected to be rapidly absorbed and metabolized after oral administration. It is likely hydrolyzed by peptidases in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma to release glycine, which then enters the endogenous amino acid pool. The compound's pharmacokinetic properties are characteristic of small peptides, with rapid clearance and short half-life. Detailed pharmacokinetic data are not typically reported, as the compound is used primarily as a research reagent rather than a drug candidate.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glycylglycylglycine is generally considered to have low toxicity, consistent with its composition of the endogenous amino acid glycine. Acute toxicity is expected to be minimal. The compound may cause mild irritation upon contact with skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. It is not classified as a carcinogen, mutagen, or reproductive toxicant. Standard laboratory safety precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment, are recommended. No significant systemic toxicity is anticipated at typical research doses, as the compound is rapidly metabolized to glycine.
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| Additional Infomation |
Glycylglycylglycine (CAS 556-33-2) is a tripeptide composed of three glycine residues. It is a white crystalline powder with the molecular formula C₆H₁₁N₃O₄ and a molecular weight of 189.17 g/mol. It is used as a model compound for studying peptide structure, protein folding, and molecular interactions. It also serves as a copper chelator and has been investigated for its potential roles as a neurotransmitter and antioxidant. It is not an approved drug but is a widely used research tool in peptide chemistry and biochemistry.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H11N3O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
189.1692
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| Exact Mass |
189.074
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| CAS # |
556-33-2
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| PubChem CID |
11161
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
638.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
240-250 °C
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| Flash Point |
340.1±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.525
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| LogP |
-2.04
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
216
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(C([H])([H])N([H])C(C([H])([H])N([H])[H])=O)N([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]
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| InChi Key |
XKUKSGPZAADMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H11N3O4/c7-1-4(10)8-2-5(11)9-3-6(12)13/h1-3,7H2,(H,8,10)(H,9,11)(H,12,13)
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| Chemical Name |
2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]acetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.2863 mL | 26.4313 mL | 52.8625 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0573 mL | 5.2863 mL | 10.5725 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5286 mL | 2.6431 mL | 5.2863 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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