In polyacrylamide gels, glycerol is frequently added to stop protein-DNA complexes, including nucleosomes, from separating during electrophoresis. Particle mass and charge appear to be the main factors influencing fractionation, including that of glycerol. The separation properties of polyacrylamide gels are significantly impacted by the glycerol concentration used during electrophoresis [1]. Glycerol is an unavoidable byproduct of processing oil or fat, regardless of the method. The fermentation process of glycerol has been thoroughly investigated in a number of Enterobacteriaceae species, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. The biofuel sector has a viable path to economic viability through the utilization of anaerobic fermentation to transform the plentiful and reasonably priced glycerol streams produced during the synthesis of biodiesel into higher value goods [2].

In rat studies, glycerol causes acute renal failure. Acute renal failure caused by uranyl nitrate or glycoserol decreases the amount of some medications that are transported by the hepatobiliary system, modifies the way that pharmaceuticals are distributed to the central nervous system, and alters the activity of different hepatic microsomal enzymes [3].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Glycerine is well absorbed orally but poorly absorbed rectally. Human and animal studies have shown that Glycerine is rapidly absorbed in the intestines and stomach. Approximately 7-14% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine within 2.5 hours. Glycerine is distributed in the bloodstream. Although Glycerine is not normally present in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital cavity when the eye is inflamed, thereby reducing osmotic pressure. Human and animal data indicate that Glycerine is rapidly absorbed in the intestines and stomach, distributed in the extracellular space, and excreted. Glycerine is readily absorbed after hydrolysis of glycerides in the intestines. Glycerine and sorbitol are poorly absorbed after rectal administration; Glycerine suppositories or enemas are typically excreted via the colon within 15-60 minutes, while oral sorbitol requires 24-48 hours for complete excretion. After absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, Glycerine is distributed in the bloodstream. Although Glycerine is not normally present in ocular fluids, it may enter the orbital cavity when the eye is inflamed, thereby reducing the osmotic pressure of ocular fluids. For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of Glycerine (7 types), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism/Metabolites
Glycerine is a substrate for the synthesis of triacylGlycerines and phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissue. When fat metabolism is used as an energy source, Glycerine and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. Circulating Glycerine does not glycosylate proteins or contribute to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In some organisms, Glycerine can directly enter the glycolytic pathway as a substrate for energy or glucose production. Glycerine must first be converted to the intermediate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate before it can be used for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Glycerine metabolism is regulated by Glycerine kinase, cytoplasmic NAD+-dependent G3P dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial FAD-coupled G3P dehydrogenase. Glycerine is primarily phosphorylated to α-glycerophosphate by Glycerine kinase in the liver (80-90%) and kidneys (10-20%), and participates in the standard metabolic pathway to produce glucose and glycogen. Glyceryl kinase is also found in the intestinal mucosa, brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissue, lungs, and pancreas. Glyceryl can also combine with free fatty acids in the liver to form triglycerides (lipogenesis) and is distributed into adipose tissue. The turnover rate of Glycerine is directly proportional to the plasma Glycerine level. Glyceryl is an endogenous substance in the human body. In the liver, it is converted to Glycerine-3-phosphate by glyceryl kinase and then enters the glycolytic pathway. Glycerine-3-phosphate is subsequently oxidized by Glycerine-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is then isomerized to glyceraldehyde phosphate, ultimately producing pyruvate. Glyceryl esters are hydrolyzed to Glycerine and the corresponding carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by intestinal lipases, which attack the ester bonds at carbon 1 and carbon 3. The ester bond at carbon 2 is more difficult to hydrolyze, possibly due to its stereochemical structure and steric hindrance. However, β-monoglycerides can spontaneously isomerize to the α-form (3-acylGlycerine), which further hydrolyzes to Glycerine. Glyceryl, pyruvate, and lactate are endogenous substances in the human body. Glycerine and pyruvate are completely metabolized and not excreted. Glycerine is converted to Glycerine-3-phosphate in the liver and then metabolized via glycolysis. For more complete metabolic/metabolite data on Glycerine (6 metabolites in total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Biological Half-Life
30-45 minutes
The elimination half-life of Glycerine is approximately 30-40 minutes.

[1]. Pennings S, et al. Effect of glycerol on the separation of nucleosomes and bent DNA in low ionic strengthpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Dec 25;20(24):6667-72.
[2]. Yazdani SS, et al. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuelsindustry. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2007 Jun;18(3):213-9.
[3]. Huang ZH, et al. Expression and function of P-glycoprotein in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct 20;406(3):453-60

Glycerine is a colorless to brown liquid. It is flammable, but may require some force to ignite. Glycerine is a triol with a propane structure, substituted with hydroxyl groups at positions 1, 2, and 3. It has multiple functions, including as an osmotic regulator, solvent, detergent, human metabolite, algal metabolite, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, Escherichia coli metabolite, mouse metabolite, and anti-aging agent. It is a sugar alcohol and triol. Glycerine is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol and an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Glycerine is present in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Glycerine is a nonstandardized chemical allergen. The physiological effects of Glycerine are achieved by increasing histamine release, enhancing cell-mediated immunity, and increasing IgG production. Glycerine has been reported in microchloropsis, Ramalina usnea, and several other organisms with relevant data. Glycerine is a trihydroxy alcohol with local osmotic diuretic and laxative effects. Glycerine increases plasma osmotic pressure, thereby drawing water from tissues into the interstitial fluid and plasma. Furthermore, Glycerine inhibits water reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidneys, leading to increased water and sodium excretion and decreased blood volume. When administered rectally, Glycerine exerts a hyperosmolar laxative effect by drawing water into the rectum, thus relieving constipation. Additionally, Glycerine is used as a solvent, humectant, and excipient in various pharmaceutical preparations. Glycerine is an important component of triglycerides (i.e., fats and oils) and phospholipids. It is a three-carbon compound that forms the backbone of fatty acids in fats. When the body uses stored fat as an energy source, Glycerine and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. Glycerine components are converted into glucose in the liver, providing energy for cellular metabolism. Glycerine is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol and an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It can be used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetener. See also: PolyGlycerine-3 (monomer); tobacco (partial). PolyGlycerine-3 diisostearate (monomer)...See more...

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Drug Indications
It can be used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical preparation, and sweetener.

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Mechanism of Action
When Glycerine is administered rectally, it has hygroscopic and/or local irritant effects, drawing water from tissues into the feces, thereby reflexively stimulating defecation. Glycerine lowers intraocular pressure by establishing an osmotic gradient between the blood and intraocular fluid, allowing fluid to enter the blood from the aqueous humor and vitreous humor.
Glycerine (Glycerine) and sorbitol are hyperosmotic laxatives.
When Glycerine and sorbitol are administered rectally, they have hygroscopic and/or local irritant effects, drawing water from tissues into the feces, thereby reflexively stimulating defecation. The extent to which the simple physical distension of the rectum and hygroscopic and/or local irritant effects contribute to the laxative effect of some drugs is unclear. Only very high doses of sorbitol (25 g daily) or Glycerine orally produce a laxative effect. Glycerine lowers intraocular pressure by establishing an osmotic gradient between blood and intraocular fluid, allowing fluid to flow from the aqueous humor and vitreous humor into the blood. We investigated the physicochemical effects of a series of alkanols, alkyldiols, and Glycerine on erythrocyte morphology and hemolysis at 4 °C and 20 °C. We calculated the dielectric constant Ds of the culture medium and the dielectric constant Dm of the erythrocyte membrane in the presence of organic solutes. At 20 °C, the Ds/Dm ratio was -38.48, which defines normal biconcave erythrocytes in a medium without hemolytic agents. A decrease in the Ds/Dm ratio favors eversion or inversion of erythrocytes, leading to hemolysis. Alkanols and alkyldiols can transform biconcave erythrocytes into acanthocytes, accompanied by an increase in projected surface area. Glycerine can transform biconcave erythrocytes into ostiocytes, accompanied by a slight decrease in projected surface area. Under the influence of alkanols and alkyldiols, erythrocytes gradually evert; under the influence of Glycerine, erythrocytes gradually invert, resulting in a decrease in projected surface area and ultimately the formation of smooth spherical shapes. The degree of erythrocyte morphological alteration is related to the degree of hemolysis and the Ds/Dm ratio. Decreasing temperature reduces both erythrocyte morphological alteration and the degree of hemolysis. Therefore, the physicochemical toxicity is likely due to temperature-dependent hydrophobic interactions between the organic solute and the membrane, and is best explained by the solute's ability to alter Ds and Dm.

C3H8O3

92.09

92.047

56-81-5

25618-55-7;26403-55-4

753

Syrupy, rhombic plates
Clear, colorless syrupy liquid
Clear, colorless, ... syrupy liquid or solid (below 64 degrees F) [Note: The solid form melts above 64 degrees F but the liquid form freezes at a much lower temperature].

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

290.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

20 °C(lit.)

160.0±0.0 °C

0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.490

-2.32

3

3

2

6

25.2

0

O([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])C([H])([H])O[H]

PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2

propane-1,2,3-triol

Glycerolum; Glyceritol; Glycerin

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~1085.89 mM)
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~1085.89 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)