| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary biological target or mechanism of action for this peptide is not a traditional drug target. Instead, it functions as a consensus peptide sequence derived from a histidine-rich protein, which likely binds to metal ions or interacts with glucose via its histidine and tyrosine residues. This interaction is exploited to create a glucose-responsive insulin delivery system. The peptide's ability to respond to glucose levels makes it a critical component in the development of smart insulin formulations, which aim to mimic the body's natural insulin regulation. No specific protein receptor or enzyme has been reported as its direct biological target for therapeutic intervention.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies focus on the peptide's functionality within a glucose-responsive insulin delivery system. When integrated into a hydrogel or nanoparticle matrix, the peptide's conformation changes in response to glucose levels, modulating the release of encapsulated insulin. This glucose-sensitive release is typically quantified using in vitro release assays in buffer solutions with varying glucose concentrations (e.g., 0-400 mg/dL). The peptide also exhibits metal-binding capacity due to its histidine-rich nature, which can be measured using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) or fluorescence quenching assays. No traditional IC₅0 values are applicable as the peptide is not a direct enzyme inhibitor.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies are focused on evaluating the efficacy of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems containing this peptide in diabetic animal models, such as streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice or rats. The formulations are administered subcutaneously, and blood glucose levels are monitored over time, typically for up to 48 hours. Key endpoints include the ability to maintain normoglycemia post-meal, reduced incidence of hypoglycemia, and prolonged glucose-responsive insulin release. Pharmacokinetic studies would measure insulin release profiles in response to glucose challenges. The peptide itself is not administered alone but as part of a delivery vehicle.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Standard in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays are not typically performed for this peptide as it is designed for material science applications rather than direct target engagement. However, metal-binding assays can be conducted: histidine-rich peptides such as GHGVYGHGVYGHGPYGHGPYGHGLYW are incubated with divalent metal ions (e.g., Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+) in buffer (pH 7.4) at 25degC. The binding affinity can be measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or fluorescence spectroscopy if labeled with a fluorophore. The peptide's interaction with glucose-responsive polymers can be analyzed using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to assess changes in film thickness and viscoelastic properties upon glucose addition.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell experiments are not the primary application for this peptide, as it is used in material science for drug delivery. However, biocompatibility studies can be performed using cell lines such as NIH-3T3 fibroblasts or HEK293 cells. Cells are incubated with peptide-containing formulations (e.g., hydrogels or nanoparticles) for 24-96 hours. Cytotoxicity is assessed using standard MTT or LDH release assays. Cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled peptide can be visualized by confocal microscopy. Since the peptide is derived from a beak protein, it is expected to have minimal immunogenicity; however, cytokine release assays using primary macrophages can be conducted to assess any inflammatory response to the delivery system.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments are performed using diabetic mouse models (e.g., STZ-induced diabetic mice or genetically diabetic db/db mice). The peptide is incorporated into an insulin delivery formulation (e.g., a hydrogel or polymeric nanoparticle) and administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Blood samples are collected via tail vein at predetermined time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours) to measure blood glucose levels and serum insulin concentrations by ELISA. A glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) can be performed to assess the system's responsiveness to a glucose challenge. Body weight and general health are monitored daily to assess any systemic toxicity or adverse effects.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Comprehensive pharmacokinetic data for GHGVYGHGVYGHGPYGHGPYGHGLYW itself are not available, as the peptide is typically used as a component of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems rather than as a free drug. When incorporated into such systems, the release profile of the encapsulated insulin is characterized. For the peptide alone, being a 26-amino-acid peptide (molecular weight: 2781.95 g/mol), it would likely have a short plasma half-life due to rapid proteolytic degradation and renal clearance. Its histidine-rich nature may lead to some tissue retention in metal-rich areas. The peptide's stability is generally assessed in serum-containing media to evaluate its degradation profile before use in delivery systems.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for this specific peptide are limited, as it is not a drug but a research tool for drug delivery systems. As a 26-amino-acid peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein (DgHBP-2), it is expected to have low inherent toxicity. However, standard toxicity assays include: (1) Hemolysis assay: incubation of the peptide with red blood cells to assess membrane disruption; (2) In vitro cytotoxicity using the MTT assay on HepG2 and HEK293 cells; (3) Acute toxicity in mice: a single dose (e.g., 5-50 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, followed by monitoring for 14 days for weight loss, behavioral changes, and mortality. These studies generally indicate the peptide is well-tolerated when used in formulations.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
This peptide is a chemical tool used only for research purposes and is not approved for clinical use or human therapy. Its primary application is in the development of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems for treating diabetes. The molecular formula is C132H1₆₅N3₇O32, and the exact molecular weight is 2781.95 g/mol. The peptide should be stored in lyophilized form at -20degC, protected from moisture and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It is categorized under “Peptides for Drug Delivery” and is not listed in any clinical trial databases. Its development is part of broader efforts in smart biomaterials for chronic disease management.
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| Molecular Formula |
C132H165N37O32
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
2781.95122694969
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| Exact Mass |
2781.245
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| CAS # |
2231617-62-0
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| PubChem CID |
171713782
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
36
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
38
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
75
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| Heavy Atom Count |
201
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| Complexity |
6420
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
16
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| SMILES |
CC(C)C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CN=CN4)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]6CCCN6C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CN=CN7)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC8=CC=C(C=C8)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]9CCCN9C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1)NC(=O)CN
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| InChi Key |
NZRFKJDUOVIYPL-CITQEXOKSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C132H165N37O32/c1-70(2)37-91(126(194)160-96(42-77-23-33-88(174)34-24-77)127(195)165-102(132(200)201)43-78-50-139-90-12-8-7-11-89(78)90)155-106(176)56-144-122(190)98(45-80-52-135-66-150-80)156-107(177)57-140-117(185)92(38-73-15-25-84(170)26-16-73)161-128(196)103-13-9-35-168(103)113(183)63-147-124(192)100(47-82-54-137-68-152-82)158-109(179)58-141-118(186)93(39-74-17-27-85(171)28-18-74)162-129(197)104-14-10-36-169(104)114(184)64-148-125(193)101(48-83-55-138-69-153-83)159-110(180)60-143-120(188)95(41-76-21-31-87(173)32-22-76)164-131(199)116(72(5)6)167-112(182)62-146-123(191)99(46-81-53-136-67-151-81)157-108(178)59-142-119(187)94(40-75-19-29-86(172)30-20-75)163-130(198)115(71(3)4)166-111(181)61-145-121(189)97(154-105(175)49-133)44-79-51-134-65-149-79/h7-8,11-12,15-34,50-55,65-72,91-104,115-116,139,170-174H,9-10,13-14,35-49,56-64,133H2,1-6H3,(H,134,149)(H,135,150)(H,136,151)(H,137,152)(H,138,153)(H,140,185)(H,141,186)(H,142,187)(H,143,188)(H,144,190)(H,145,189)(H,146,191)(H,147,192)(H,148,193)(H,154,175)(H,155,176)(H,156,177)(H,157,178)(H,158,179)(H,159,180)(H,160,194)(H,161,196)(H,162,197)(H,163,198)(H,164,199)(H,165,195)(H,166,181)(H,167,182)(H,200,201)/t91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,115-,116-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.3595 mL | 1.7973 mL | 3.5946 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0719 mL | 0.3595 mL | 0.7189 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0359 mL | 0.1797 mL | 0.3595 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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