| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Germacrene D does not have a defined pharmacological target in humans; it is primarily of interest in plant biology and chemical ecology. In plants, it acts as a volatile signaling molecule involved in defense against herbivores and pathogens, and as an attractant for pollinators. It may also exhibit weak antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. In vitro studies suggest it has moderate antioxidant properties.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Germacrene D possesses both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Its antibacterial action is associated with a potential mechanism of cell permeabilization destruction and membrane damage [1].
Germacrene D has been shown to inhibit the growth of several plant pathogenic fungi (e.g., Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea) with MIC values of 50-200 ug/mL. It also exhibits moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (MIC ~100 ug/mL). Cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines is generally weak (IC50 >50 uM). It may act as a repellent against certain insect pests. |
| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo activity data in mammalian models is available for germacrene D. Its ecological role has been studied in plants and insects. When fed to herbivorous insects, it can cause feeding deterrence or mild toxicity at high concentrations (e.g., 1-5% in diet). In rodent models, germacrene D is not typically studied as it is not a drug candidate. It is considered a generally safe food flavor ingredient.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For antimicrobial assays (broth microdilution): Prepare serial dilutions of germacrene D (0.1-500 ug/mL) in Mueller-Hinton broth containing 0.5% Tween-80 to improve solubility. Inoculate with 5×10⁵ CFU/mL of test bacteria or fungi. Incubate at 37degC (bacteria) or 28degC (fungi) for 24-48 hours. Read MIC as the lowest concentration with no visible growth. For antifungal activity against plant pathogens, use potato dextrose broth and incubate at 25degC for 3-5 days.
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| Cell Assay |
For cytotoxicity assays: Culture human cancer cell lines (e.g., HeLa, MCF-7, A549) in DMEM with 10% FBS. Dissolve germacrene D in DMSO and dilute in culture medium to final concentrations of 1-200 uM (final DMSO ≤0.5%). Treat cells for 48-72 hours. Measure cell viability using MTT or resazurin assay. Calculate IC50 values. For antioxidant cell-free assays, use DPPH radical scavenging or ABTS assays; germacrene D typically shows weak to moderate activity (IC50 50-200 ug/mL).
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| Animal Protocol |
No mammalian in vivo protocol exists for germacrene D as it is not a drug. For insect feeding assays: Prepare artificial diet containing germacrene D at 0.1-5% (w/w). Feed to larval stages of insects (e.g., Spodoptera littoralis) for 5-10 days. Record mortality, weight gain, and feeding deterrence. For plant studies, apply germacrene D in ethanol solution (1-10 mg/mL) to leaves and monitor fungal lesion development or insect behavior.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No pharmacokinetic data is available for germacrene D in humans. As a volatile sesquiterpene, it is absorbed through inhalation or ingestion and metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to more polar metabolites (alcohols, acids). It is likely excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates. When used as a flavor ingredient, exposure levels are very low (mg/kg levels) and it is considered safe by regulatory bodies (GRAS status).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Germacrene D is considered to have low acute toxicity. The oral LD50 in rats is estimated >2000 mg/kg (typical for sesquiterpenes). It may cause mild skin and eye irritation in concentrated form. No mutagenicity or carcinogenicity data is available. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as a flavoring agent in foods at typical concentrations. Avoid inhalation of concentrated essential oils containing germacrene D.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(-)-germacrene D is germacrene D. It is the enantiomer of (+)-germacrene D. (-)-Germacrene D has been reported in Trichogonia grazielae, Iris tectorum, and other organisms for which data are available. See also: Clary Sage Oil (partial).
Germacrene D is a natural product standard supplied for research purposes only. It is used as a marker in chemotaxonomy, for quality control of essential oils, and in studies of plant volatile organic compounds. The compound should be stored at -20degC in a sealed, amber vial to prevent oxidation and volatilization. It is soluble in hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. No clinical applications exist. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H24
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
204.35106
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| Exact Mass |
204.188
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| CAS # |
23986-74-5
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| Related CAS # |
(Rac)-Germacrene D;37839-63-7
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| PubChem CID |
5317570
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.00673mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
4.891
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
266
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(C(C)C)CC1 |c:1,t:7|
|
| InChi Key |
GAIBLDCXCZKKJE-RXJOXMPGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H24/c1-12(2)15-10-8-13(3)6-5-7-14(4)9-11-15/h7-8,10,12,15H,3,5-6,9,11H2,1-2,4H3/b10-8+,14-7+/t15-/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1E,6E,8S)-1-methyl-5-methylidene-8-propan-2-ylcyclodeca-1,6-diene
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.8936 mL | 24.4678 mL | 48.9356 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9787 mL | 4.8936 mL | 9.7871 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4894 mL | 2.4468 mL | 4.8936 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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