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| Targets |
The primary targets of γ-Globulins are antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. The antibodies within the γ-globulin fraction bind to specific antigens, neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by the immune system. γ-Globulins also bind to Fc receptors on immune cells, modulating immune responses. They have been used as a preventive measure against hepatitis and for the treatment of individuals exposed to infectious diseases such as HIV or hepatitis C.
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| ln Vitro |
γ-globulin is a heterocyclic pteridine that is generated and secreted by macrophages and monocytes in response to the cytokine interferon-y (IFN-y) [1]. Inhibiting the proliferation of U373MG astrocytes, 7,8-DiHydroneopterin (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 mM; 2 days and 5 days) [1].
In vitro, γ-Globulins from human blood demonstrate antibody activity by binding to specific antigens in immunoassays such as ELISA, Western blot, and immunoprecipitation. They neutralize bacterial and viral pathogens in cell culture models. The antibodies within the γ-globulin fraction recognize and bind to target antigens with high specificity and affinity. These in vitro activities are used to characterize antibody specificity and potency for research and diagnostic applications. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, γ-Globulins from human blood are used as passive immunotherapy to provide immediate immune protection against infectious diseases. They are administered intravenously (IVIg) or intramuscularly to treat immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions. IVIg has been used in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and other immune-mediated diseases. They have also been used as a preventive measure against hepatitis and for treating individuals exposed to HIV or hepatitis C.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for γ-Globulins include antigen-antibody binding assays such as ELISA, where the antibodies are tested for binding to specific antigens immobilized on plates. Binding affinity is determined by measuring the concentration of antibody required for half-maximal binding (EC50). Immunoprecipitation and Western blot assays are used to confirm specificity. Neutralization assays are conducted by incubating γ-Globulins with pathogens and measuring inhibition of infectivity in cell culture. All assays include appropriate positive and negative controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for γ-Globulins involve incubating the antibodies with cells expressing specific antigens or with pathogens. Neutralization assays measure the ability of γ-Globulins to prevent pathogen entry or replication in cultured cells. Opsonization assays assess the ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis by immune cells. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays evaluate the functional activity of the antibodies. Experiments include appropriate controls including non-specific Ig and buffer controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with γ-Globulins are conducted in various animal models of infection and autoimmune disease. The antibodies are administered via intravenous or intraperitoneal injection at doses ranging from 0.1-2 g/kg. Efficacy is assessed by measuring pathogen clearance, survival, or disease score. In autoimmune models, disease severity is evaluated by clinical scoring and histological analysis. Pharmacokinetic studies assess antibody half-life and distribution. Each group consists of 6-10 animals with appropriate controls.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of γ-Globulins from human blood include a long half-life in circulation, typically 21-28 days for IgG, due to FcRn-mediated recycling. Following intravenous administration, the antibodies distribute primarily in the intravascular space and then equilibrate with the extravascular compartment. Clearance occurs through proteolytic degradation and, to a lesser extent, through binding to target antigens. The pharmacokinetics are influenced by the specific antibody composition and the recipient's immune status.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for γ-Globulins from human blood indicate that they are generally well-tolerated when used as therapeutic agents. Adverse effects are typically mild and include infusion-related reactions such as headache, fever, and chills. Rare but serious adverse effects include thrombosis, renal dysfunction, and anaphylaxis in IgA-deficient patients. The product is derived from human blood and undergoes viral inactivation and removal steps to ensure safety. Comprehensive safety data are available from clinical use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
γ-Globulins from human blood are a crucial therapeutic product used for passive immunotherapy in immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and infectious disease prevention. They contain polyclonal antibodies that provide broad-spectrum immune protection. IVIg is used in the treatment of common variable immune deficiencies, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and other conditions. The product is derived from pooled human plasma and undergoes rigorous safety testing. It is an approved therapeutic agent for specific clinical indications.
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| Molecular Weight |
0
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| CAS # |
9007-83-4
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Synonyms |
γGlobulins from human blood; γ Globulins from human blood
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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