| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
G-Glu-Glu targets gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl group from glutathione and other gamma-glutamyl compounds to acceptors. As a gamma-glutamyl dipeptide, G-Glu-Glu is a substrate for GGT, and its hydrolysis or transfer reactions contribute to the gamma-glutamyl cycle. This cycle plays a role in amino acid transport across cell membranes and in glutathione homeostasis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, G-Glu-Glu functions as a substrate for gamma-glutamyltransferase, and its hydrolysis can be measured in enzymatic assays. The compound's role in the gamma-glutamyl cycle has been characterized in biochemical studies. Its effects on glutathione metabolism and amino acid transport have been investigated in various in vitro systems. The compound's specific biological activities are related to its role as a metabolite.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, G-Glu-Glu is involved in the gamma-glutamyl cycle and amino acid metabolism. As a gamma-glutamyl dipeptide, it participates in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes and in the metabolism of glutathione. Its presence in biological fluids reflects the activity of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Specific in vivo effects are related to its role as a metabolite rather than a pharmacological agent.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for G-Glu-Glu involve measuring its hydrolysis or transfer by gamma-glutamyltransferase using purified enzyme preparations. The compound is incubated with GGT, and the release of glutamic acid or the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl group to acceptors is measured spectrophotometrically or by HPLC. These assays provide quantitative data on the compound's interactions with GGT.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for G-Glu-Glu involve treating cells with the compound to assess its effects on glutathione metabolism, amino acid transport, and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Cellular glutathione levels are measured using biochemical assays. Amino acid transport is assessed using radiolabeled amino acids. These studies characterize the compound's role in cellular metabolism.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for G-Glu-Glu have not been extensively reported. As a naturally occurring metabolite, its effects are studied primarily in the context of amino acid metabolism and the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Animal models of metabolic disorders may be used to study the compound's role in pathophysiology. Specific in vivo studies are limited in the available literature.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
G-Glu-Glu has a molecular weight and formula consistent with glutamic acid-glutamic acid dipeptides. As a gamma-glutamyl dipeptide, it is water-soluble and can be found in biological fluids. Its pharmacokinetic properties are characteristic of small peptides and amino acid derivatives. The compound's stability in biological fluids and its detection methods have been established for research purposes.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
G-Glu-Glu is a naturally occurring metabolite involved in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. As such, it is generally considered to have a favorable safety profile. However, comprehensive toxicological studies would be required for any therapeutic applications. Standard safety precautions should be taken when handling the compound in research settings.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Gamma-glutamylglutamate (Gamma-Glu-Glu) is a dipeptide formed by the condensation of the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate with the amino group of another glutamate. It is a human metabolite functionally related to L-glutamate and is the conjugate acid of Gamma-glutamylglutamate (2-). Gamma-glutamylglutamate has been reported to exist in Drosophila melanogaster, Trypanosoma brevicornu, and other organisms with relevant data.
G-Glu-Glu (gamma-glutamyl-glutamic acid) is a dipeptide composed of two glutamic acid molecules linked by a gamma-peptide bond. It is a substrate for gamma-glutamyltransferase and plays a role in the gamma-glutamyl cycle, which is involved in amino acid transport and glutathione metabolism. The compound is a metabolite and is involved in various biological processes related to amino acid metabolism. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16N2O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
276.25
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| Exact Mass |
276.096
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| CAS # |
1116-22-9
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| Related CAS # |
D-γ-Glutamyl-D-glutamic acid;4553-17-7
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| PubChem CID |
92865
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3652 (rough estimate)
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| Boiling Point |
664.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
179-182ºC
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| Flash Point |
355.4ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
2.35E-19mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.4550 (estimate)
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| LogP |
-4.3
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
369
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
C(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
OWQDWQKWSLFFFR-WDSKDSINSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N2O7/c11-5(9(16)17)1-3-7(13)12-6(10(18)19)2-4-8(14)15/h5-6H,1-4,11H2,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)(H,16,17)(H,18,19)/t5-,6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-[[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
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| Synonyms |
H-gGlu-Glu-OH; gamma-Glutamyl-glutamic acid; G-Glu-Glu
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6199 mL | 18.0995 mL | 36.1991 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7240 mL | 3.6199 mL | 7.2398 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3620 mL | 1.8100 mL | 3.6199 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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