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| Targets |
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12/GF11 does not have a defined molecular target in the traditional pharmacological sense. As a dietary fiber and prebiotic, its primary site of action is the gastrointestinal microbiota, where it is selectively fermented by beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. These bacteria possess β-fructofuranosidase enzymes that hydrolyze the β-glycosidic bonds of FOS, utilizing the released fructose as an energy source. The compound itself does not bind to or inhibit mammalian enzymes or receptors; rather, its biological effects are mediated indirectly through changes in the gut microbial ecosystem and the production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate).
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies on FOS compounds generally demonstrate their resistance to hydrolysis by mammalian digestive enzymes such as amylase, sucrase, and maltase. Instead, they serve as selective growth substrates for probiotic bacteria in culture. Fermentation of FOS by gut microbiota in vitro results in the production of short-chain fatty acids and a decrease in pH. The compound does not exhibit direct cytotoxic or cytostatic activity against mammalian cell lines in standard assays. Its prebiotic activity is typically assessed by measuring the growth promotion of beneficial bacterial strains in anaerobic culture, as well as the inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies with FOS compounds have demonstrated their ability to modulate the gut microbiota composition, increase the production of short-chain fatty acids, and improve various metabolic parameters in animal models. Oral administration of FOS has been shown to enhance calcium and magnesium absorption, improve lipid profiles, and exert immunomodulatory effects. In rodent models, FOS supplementation increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum and colon, reduces the populations of potentially pathogenic bacteria, and improves markers of intestinal barrier function. However, specific in vivo data for the DP12/GF11 analog are not extensively documented in the published literature.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for FOS compounds typically involve incubating the compound with digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, sucrase, or maltase to assess resistance to hydrolysis. The compound is incubated with the enzyme at physiological pH and temperature, and the reaction is terminated by heat inactivation. The remaining substrate or released glucose/fructose is quantified using colorimetric methods such as the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For microbiota interaction studies, FOS is added to anaerobic cultures of gut bacteria, and bacterial growth is monitored by optical density, plate counting, or qPCR.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for FOS typically employ intestinal epithelial cell lines such as Caco-2 or HT-29 to assess effects on barrier function, tight junction protein expression, and inflammatory cytokine production. Cells are cultured in Transwell inserts to form polarized monolayers, and FOS is added to the apical compartment at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 mg/mL. Barrier integrity is assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. Cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) is measured by ELISA, and tight junction protein expression (occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1) is analyzed by Western blot or immunofluorescence.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with FOS typically involve oral administration to rodents via drinking water or gavage at doses ranging from 0.5 to 5 g/kg body weight per day for periods of 2 to 16 weeks. Fecal samples are collected at baseline and at regular intervals for microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing or qPCR. At the end of the study, animals are euthanized, and cecal contents are collected for short-chain fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography. Intestinal tissues are harvested for histological examination, and blood samples are collected for metabolic parameter analysis (glucose, insulin, lipids, inflammatory markers). Organs are weighed, and histopathological assessment is performed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of FOS compounds are characterized by minimal absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of mammalian enzymes capable of hydrolyzing β-(2→1)-glycosidic bonds. Following oral administration, the compound reaches the cecum and colon largely intact, where it is fermented by the gut microbiota. Systemic exposure is very low or undetectable, as FOS is not absorbed across the intestinal epithelium. The compound's half-life is primarily determined by the transit time through the gastrointestinal tract and the rate of fermentation, typically ranging from several hours to a day. FOS is not metabolized by host enzymes and is excreted in feces either as intact oligosaccharides or as fermentation end products (short-chain fatty acids and gases).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of FOS compounds is generally very favorable, with no significant acute or chronic toxicity reported in preclinical studies. In rodent studies, oral administration of FOS at doses up to 5 g/kg body weight per day for extended periods has not produced overt toxicity, significant changes in organ weights, or histopathological abnormalities. The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including flatulence, bloating, and osmotic diarrhea, which are dose-dependent and related to the fermentation of FOS by gut bacteria. No genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity has been associated with FOS consumption. The compound is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food products.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Fructooligosaccharides are carbohydrate polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal bacteria but not by host animals.
See also: Fructooligosaccharides (note moved to). Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12/GF11 is a research-grade prebiotic compound primarily used in gut microbiome studies, nutritional research, and food science applications. It is not an approved therapeutic drug and has no clinical trial history or regulatory approval for human disease treatment. Its mechanism of action is prebiotic rather than pharmacological, mediated through modulation of the gut microbial ecosystem rather than direct interaction with host targets. The compound is supplied as a high-purity powder and is typically stored at -20°C for long-term stability. It is soluble in DMSO and water. Applications include studies on metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and immune function. The compound serves as a valuable tool for understanding the role of dietary fibers in health and disease. |
| Molecular Formula |
C72H122O61
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1963.70251131058
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| Exact Mass |
1962.644
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| CAS # |
137405-40-4
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| PubChem CID |
138392202
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
-22.1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
38
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
61
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
45
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| Heavy Atom Count |
133
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| Complexity |
3670
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
49
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| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O[C@]2([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O)CO[C@]3([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)CO[C@]4([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)CO[C@]5([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O5)CO)O)O)CO[C@]6([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)CO[C@]7([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O7)CO)O)O)CO[C@]8([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O8)CO)O)O)CO[C@]9([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O9)CO)O)O)CO[C@]1([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)CO[C@]1([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)CO[C@]1([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
FTSSQIKWUOOEGC-RULYVFMPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C72H122O61/c73-1-24-36(86)48(98)49(99)61(121-24)133-72(60(110)47(97)35(12-84)132-72)23-120-71(59(109)46(96)34(11-83)131-71)22-119-70(58(108)45(95)33(10-82)130-70)21-118-69(57(107)44(94)32(9-81)129-69)20-117-68(56(106)43(93)31(8-80)128-68)19-116-67(55(105)42(92)30(7-79)127-67)18-115-66(54(104)41(91)29(6-78)126-66)17-114-65(53(103)40(90)28(5-77)125-65)16-113-64(52(102)39(89)27(4-76)124-64)15-112-63(51(101)38(88)26(3-75)123-63)14-111-62(13-85)50(100)37(87)25(2-74)122-62/h24-61,73-110H,1-23H2/t24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48+,49-,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+,56+,57+,58+,59+,60+,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.5092 mL | 2.5462 mL | 5.0924 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1018 mL | 0.5092 mL | 1.0185 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0509 mL | 0.2546 mL | 0.5092 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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