Co-sedimentation of liposomes and recombinant LPLA2 is partially inhibited by fosinopril (0-100 μM; 30 min) [1]. There is no inhibitory effect of fosinopril (250 nM) on the soluble esterase activity of LPLA2 [1]. The ACE activity is non-competitively inhibited by fosinopril (0.372, 0.744, 1.116 μM), with a Ki value of 1.675 μM [2].

Rats given fosinopril (4.67 mg/kg; oral; 4 weeks) have reduced levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as protection against structural alterations and cardiac dysfunction [3]. In the AMI rat model, fosinopril (4.67 mg/kg; oral; 4 weeks) can suppress the production of cleaved-caspase 3 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis [3].

Animal/Disease Models: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rat model after heart failure (SPF grade SD (SD (Sprague-Dawley)) rat, 265±15g) [3]
Doses: 4.67mg/kg
Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); 4 weeks
Experimental Results: Inhibition of cardiac dysfunction and structural changes and inhibition of apoptosis.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The mean absolute absorption rate is 36%. The primary site of absorption is the proximal small intestine (duodenum/jejunum). Food slows the absorption rate but does not affect the extent of absorption. After oral administration of radiolabeled fosinopril, approximately half of the absorbed dose is excreted in the urine, and the remainder in the feces. 26-39 mL/min [healthy] Metabolism/Metabolites Since fosinopril does not undergo biotransformation after intravenous administration, fosinopril, rather than fosinopril, appears to be a metabolic precursor to glucuronide and its para-hydroxyl metabolite. Biological Half-Life 12 hours

Hepatotoxicity
Fosinopril, like other ACE inhibitors, is associated with a low incidence of elevated serum transaminases (Probability score: D (likely a rare cause of clinically significant liver injury)). Pregnancy and Lactation Effects ◉ Overview of Use During Lactation Since there is no information available regarding the use of fosinopril during lactation, alternative medications may be preferred, especially in breastfed newborns or preterm infants. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants No published information found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk No published information found as of the revision date. Protein Binding Fosinopril has a protein binding rate ≥95%.

[1]. Ondetti, M.A., Structural relationships of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors to pharmacologic activity. Circulation, 1988. 77(6 Pt 2): p. I74-8.

[2]. Piepho, R.W., Overview of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2000. 57 Suppl 1: p. S3-7.

[3]. The hemodynamic effects of long-term ACE inhibition with fosinopril in patients with heart failure. Fosinopril Hemodynamics Study Group. Am J Ther, 1999. 6(4): p. 181-9.

Pharmacodynamics
Following oral administration, fosinopril is rapidly and completely hydrolyzed to its major active metabolite, Fosinoprilatt. The hydrolysis process is thought to occur in the gastrointestinal mucosa and liver. Fosinoprilatt is a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a peptidyl dipeptidase and a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The RAAS is a mechanism for maintaining homeostasis, regulating hemodynamics, water, and electrolyte balance. Renin is released from the granulocytes of the renal juxtaglomeruli when the sympathetic nervous system is excited or when renal blood pressure or blood flow decreases. In the blood, renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin-converting enzyme I (AT1), which is subsequently cleaved by ACE into angiotensin-converting enzyme II (AT2). AT2 raises blood pressure through several mechanisms. First, it stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone reaches the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct of the nephron, promoting sodium and water reabsorption by increasing the number of sodium channels and sodium-potassium ATPases on the cell membrane. Secondly, angiotensin II (ATII) stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). ADH further promotes renal water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin 2 (AQP2) channels into the apical membranes of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells. Thirdly, ATII raises blood pressure by directly constricting arteries. Stimulation of type I ATII receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to muscle cell contraction and vasoconstriction. In addition to these primary effects, ATII also induces a thirst response by stimulating hypothalamic neurons. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) inhibit the rapid conversion of angiotensin-converting enzyme I (AT1) to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (AT2) and antagonize the blood pressure increase induced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, also known as kallikrein II) is also involved in the enzymatic inactivation of bradykinin (a vasodilator). Inhibiting bradykinin inactivation can increase bradykinin levels and further enhance the effects of fosinopril by increasing vasodilation and lowering blood pressure.

C30H46NO7P

563.66254

563.301

98048-97-6

Fosinopril sodium;88889-14-9

55891

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.173 g/cm3

705.7ºC at 760 mmHg

149-153ºC

380.6ºC

1.531

6.059

1

7

15

39

850

2

CCC(=O)OC(C(C)C)OP(=O)(CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1)CC(=O)N2C[C@@H](C[C@H]2C(=O)O)C3CCCCC3

BIDNLKIUORFRQP-KKDZQFHASA-N

InChI=1S/C30H46NO7P/c1-4-28(33)37-30(22(2)3)38-39(36,18-12-11-15-23-13-7-5-8-14-23)21-27(32)31-20-25(19-26(31)29(34)35)24-16-9-6-10-17-24/h5,7-8,13-14,22,24-26,30H,4,6,9-12,15-21H2,1-3H3,(H,34,35)/t25-,26+,30?,39?/m0/s1

(2R,4R)-4-cyclohexyl-1-(2-((2-methyl-1-(propionyloxy)propoxy)(4-phenylbutyl)phosphoryl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

SQ-28555SQ28555SQ 28555 FosinoprilMonopril

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)